Learning Theories Behavioral/Cognitive

1. Learning TheoriesBehavioral/Cognitive Elodia Cañas EDTC 3320 Project 2 Mr. Crosslin

2. INTRODUCTION An effective and efficient instructional designers needs to know how people think and learn. Becoming familiar with different learning theories and theorists will give instructional designers a good foundation for understanding how to apply these theories. Two examples are behaviorism and cognitive theories and the theorists, which have impacted teaching and training today.

3. BEHAVIORISM: blank slate “Behaviorism includes a group of theories that share several beliefs – “the generalizability of learning principles across species, the importance of focusing on observable events and the “blank slate” nature of organism”. (Brown, & Green, 2006) According to behaviorist, the human mind can be shaped and formed to produce a desired response and behavior if specific conditions and circumstances are accounted for and controlled.

4. COGNITIVE: computer According to cognitive theory, internal mental processes can be identified and studied. “Cognitivists typically use the metaphor of a computer to describe the mind. Like a computer, the mind processes information through a series of procedures that work together as a complete system.” (Brown, & Green, 2006)

5. Behavioral Theorists Born on 09-14-1849 at Ryazan Died on 02-27-1936 Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Pavlov's research into the physiology of digestion led him logically to create a science of conditioned reflexes. Classical Conditioning. ("Ivan pavlov -," 2007) Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

6. Classical conditioning: is the process of reflex learning—investigated by Pavlov—through which an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) which produces an unconditioned response (salivation) is presented together with a conditioned stimulus (a bell), such that the salivation is eventually produced on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, thus becoming a conditioned response. (“ATHERTON J S,” 2009)

8. Cognitive Theorist -Forefront of what is often called the Cognitive Revolution. -Helped start the educational reform movement in early 1960s -Involved in many educational enterprises, including the founding of the US Head Start and a major architect of it. ("Jerome bruner," 2009) Jerome Bruner Born Oct. 1, 1915

9. Cognitive Theory Three modes of representation: • Enactive representation (action-based) • Iconic representation (image-based) • Symbolic representation (language-based) • Modes of representation are the way in which information or knowledge are stored and encoded in memory. • ("Jerome bruner," 2009)

10. Bruner holds that a theory of instruction should address four major aspects which are: 1. Predisposition towards learning; 2. The ways in which a body of knowledge can be structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learner; 3. The most effective sequences in which to present material; 4. The nature and pacing of rewards and punishments. Three Principles 1. Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn (readiness). 2. Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student (spiral organization). 3. Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information given). ("Jerome bruner," 2009)

11. The Psychology Department offers a diverse range of undergraduate and graduate courses designed to educate students about human behavior, about the theories in which research is rooted, and about how to actively critique the assumptions, methods, and ethics that are a part of generating and using psychological knowledge. As researchers, faculty within the department focus on three distinct areas: Developmental, Industrial/Organizational, and Social/Community psychology. ("Portland state university," 2010)

12. At University of Phoenix, you can choose a learning format that fits your lifestyle and learning style. Depending upon the degree program you select, you can attend on campus or online. Some campuses offer a combined campus-based and online learning format. While widely available, not all formats are offered at all locations.Campus-Based Learning Format provide the convenience of attending classes near your home or workplace.Online Learning Format provide the flexibility of an online education. Complete coursework through electronic forums. Receive lectures, questions and assignments from your instructor electronically. Study them at your convenience. ("University of pheonix," 2010)

13. CONCLUSION Today we have learned that behavioristic and cognitive theorists have many theories that can be applied to learning strategies. Theorists have researched how people think, and how this will eventually effect the way people learn. Theorists have been researching ways that can effectively and efficiently teach the learner by learning how they think. Many schools nowadays use what past psychologists, such as Pavlov and Bruner, discovered about how people learn. Colleges today are still referring back to the theories they developed. Colleges are striving to keep researching for many more new theories that can be found that can help us in the future. Therefore, instructional designers need to keep referring back to these theories, and many more out there, to keep their instructional designs be the most effective and efficient one.

14. CONCLUSION • Brown, A., & Green, T. (2006). The Essentials of instructional design. Columbus Ohio: Pearson. • Ivan Pavlov - biography. (2007, June 27). Retrieved from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html • ATHERTON J S (2009) Learning and Teaching; Behaviourism[On-line] UK: Available: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour.htmAccessed: 27 June 2010 • Jerome bruner. (2009). Retrieved from http://oaks.nvg.org/jerome-bruner.html • Portland state university. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.pdx.edu/psy/ • University of pheonix -how it works. (2010, June 27). Retrieved from http://phoenix.19gi.com/commonquestions.php