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20.1 Section Objectives – page 529

20.1 Section Objectives – page 529. Section Objectives: 20.1. Identify the basic characteristics of the fungi kingdom. Explain the role of fungi as decomposers and how this role affects the flow of both energy and nutrients through food chains. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534.

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20.1 Section Objectives – page 529

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  1. 20.1 Section Objectives – page 529 Section Objectives: 20.1 • Identify the basic characteristics of the fungi kingdom. • Explain the role of fungi as decomposers and how this role affects the flow of both energy and nutrients through food chains.

  2. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • _____ are everywhere—in the air and water, on damp basement walls, in gardens, on foods, and sometimes even between people’s toes.

  3. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Some fungi are large, bright, and colorful, whereas others are easily overlooked. • Many species grow best in _______ environments at warm temperatures between 20°C and 30°C.

  4. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Fungi used to be classified in the plant kingdom because, like plants, many fungi grow anchored in soil and have ___ ___. • However, as _________ learned more about fungi, they realized that fungi belong in their own kingdom.

  5. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Although there are a few unicellular types of fungi, such as _____, most fungi are multicellular. • The basic structural units of multicellular fungi are their threadlike filaments called ______ (HI fee) (singular, hypha), which develop from fungal spores.

  6. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 The structure of fungi Germinating Spore Mycelium Spore Food Source

  7. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • There are different types of hyphae in a ______. Some _____ the fungus, some _____ the food source, and others form fungal reproductive structures.

  8. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Unlike plants, which have cell walls made of _______, the cell walls of most fungi contain a complex carbohydrate called ____ (KI tun). • _____ gives the fungal cell walls both strength and flexibility.

  9. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • In many types of fungi, cross walls called ___ (singular, septum) divide hyphae into individual cells that contain one or more nuclei. • Septa are usually _____, allowing cytoplasm and organelles to flow freely and nutrients to move rapidly from one part of a fungus to another.

  10. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 Septum Nuclei Cell Wall Cytoplasm

  11. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Some fungi consist of hyphae with no septa. Nuclei Cytoplasm Cell Wall

  12. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Under a microscope, you see hundreds of nuclei streaming along in a continuous flow of _________. • As in hyphae with septa, the flow of cytoplasm quickly and efficiently disperses ______ and other materials throughout the fungus.

  13. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Fungi can be ______. • Some cause food to _____. Some cause _______, and some are _______. However, they play an important and beneficial role. • In a world without fungi, huge amounts of wastes, dead organisms, and debris, which consist of complex _____ substances, would litter Earth.

  14. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Many fungi, along with some bacteria and protists, are _____________. • They break down ________ organic substances into raw materials that other living organisms need.

  15. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Fungi are ________, and they use a process called _________ digestion to obtain nutrients. • In this process, food is digested outside a fungus’s cells, and the digested products are then _______.

  16. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 Hyphae absorb the digested food. Chemicals released by hyphae digest dead materials.

  17. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • For example, as some hyphae grow into the cells of an orange, they release digestive ________ that break down the large organic molecules of the orange into smaller molecules.

  18. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • These small molecules _____ into the fungal hyphae and move in the free-flowing cytoplasm to where they are needed for growth, repair, and reproduction.

  19. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • A fungus may be a _______, a ______, or a _______ depending on its food source. • Saprophytes are ________ and feed on waste or dead organic material. • Mutualists live in a s_______ relationship with another organism, such as an alga. Parasites _____ nutrients from the living cells of their hosts.

  20. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 Fungal hypha Host cell Haustorium

  21. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Depending on the species and on environmental conditions, a fungus may reproduce _______ or ________. • Fungi reproduce sexually by ________, ______, or producing ______.

  22. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • In fragmentation, pieces of hyphae that are broken off of a _______ grow into new mycelia.

  23. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • The unicellular fungi called yeasts often reproduce by a process called budding—a form of ______ reproduction in which ______ occurs and a new individual pinches off from the parent, matures, and eventually separates from the parent. Yeast budding

  24. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Most fungi produce _______. • When a fungal spore is transported to a place with favorable growing conditions, a threadlike ____ emerges and begins to grow, eventually forming a new mycelium. • The ___________ becomes established in the food source.

  25. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 Spores Bread Mold Sporangium Hyphae

  26. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Many fungi can produce two types of spores—one type by mitosis and the other by ______—at different times during their life cycles. • One important criterion for classifying fungi into divisions is their patterns of _______, especially sexual reproduction, during the life cycle.

  27. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Many adaptive advantages of fungi involve ______ and their production.

  28. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • First, the ______ protect spores and, in some cases, prevent them from drying out until they are ready to be released. • Second, most fungi produce a _____ number of spores at one time.

  29. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534 • Producing so many spores increases the _________ rate and improves the species survival chances. • Finally, fungal spores are small and lightweight and can be dispersed by ____, water, and animals such as ____ and insects.

  30. Section 1 Check The answer is A, spores. Spores Bread Mold Sporangium Hyphae

  31. 20.2 Section Objectives – page 535 Section Objectives 20.2 • Identify the four major phyla of fungi. • Distinguish among the ways spores are produced in zygomycotes, ascomycotes, and basidiomycotes. • Summarize the ecological roles of lichens and mycorrhizae.

  32. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • You have probably seen Rhizopus stolonifer, a common ____ mold.

  33. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • Rhizopus is probably the most familiar member of the phylum ______________ (zy goh mi KOH tuh). • Many other members of about 1500 species of zygomycotes are also ____________.

  34. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • Zygomycotes reproduce asexually by producing ______. • They produce a different type of spore when they reproduce sexually. • The _____ of zygomycotes do not have septa that divide them into individual cells.

  35. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • When a Rhizopus spore settles on a moist piece of bread, it _________ and hyphae begin to grow. • Some hyphae called ______ (STOH lunz) grow horizontally along the surface of the bread, rapidly producing a mycelium.

  36. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • Some other hyphae form ______(RI zoydz) that penetrate the food and anchor the mycelium in the bread. • Rhizoids secrete _______ needed for extracellular digestion and absorb the digested nutrients.

  37. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • Asexual reproduction begins when some hyphae grow upward and develop _______ at their tips. Asexual spores develop in the sporangia. • When a _________ splits open, hundreds of spores are released.

  38. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 Bread Mold Spores Sporangium Hyphae

  39. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • When zygomycotes reproduce sexually, they produce ______ (ZI guh sporz), which are thick-walled spores that can withstand unfavorable conditions.

  40. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus occurs when ______ hyphae from two compatible mycelia, called ___ and _____ mating strains, grow together and fuse. • Where the haploid hyphae fuse, they each form a _______- (ga muh TAN ghee uhm), a structure containing a haploid nucleus.

  41. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 Spores (n) Spores (n) Sporangia Sporangium - Mating strain (n) Hypha + Mating strain (n) Gametangia Zygospore Stolon Meiosis Rhizoids Germination Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

  42. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • When the haploid nuclei of the two gametangia fuse, a ________ zygote forms. • The zygote develops a thick wall, becoming a dormant zygospore.

  43. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • When environmental conditions are favorable, the zygospore absorbs water, undergoes ______, and germinates to produce a hypha with a sporangium. • Each ______ spore formed in the sporangium can grow into a new mycelium.

  44. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • The ___________ is the largest phylum of fungi, containing about 30,000 species. • The ascomycotes are also called __ fungi. Both names refer to tiny saclike structures, each called an ____, in which the sexual spores of the fungi develop. • Because they are produced inside an ascus, the sexual spores are called ___________.

  45. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • During asexual reproduction, ascomycotes produce a different kind of ______. Conidiophores • Fungal hyphae grow up from the mycelium and elongate to form ________________ (kuh NIH dee uh forz).

  46. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • Chains or _____ of asexual spores called conidiadevelop from the tips of conidiophores. Conidiophores

  47. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • Sac fungi are familiar to farmers and gardeners because they cause plant diseases such as apple ___ and ___ of rye. • Not all sac fungi have a bad reputation. Ascomycotes can have many different forms.

  48. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • ______ and ______ are two edible members of this phylum.

  49. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • Perhaps the most economically important ascomycotes are the ______. • Yeasts are unicellular sac fungi that rarely produce hyphae and usually reproduce asexually by _____. • Yeasts are ________ and ferment sugars to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

  50. Section 20.2 Summary – pages 535-543 • Because yeasts produce alcohol, they are used to make wine and beer. • Other yeasts are used in _____ because they produce carbon dioxide, the gas that causes bread dough to rise and take on a light, airy texture.

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