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BIOLOGY – CHAPTER 20-21

BIOLOGY – CHAPTER 20-21. I. COMMUNITIES AND SURVIVAL:. A. LIMITING FACTORS: ANY abiotic OR biotic THAT RESTRICTS THE EXISTENCE, NUMBERS, REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANSIMS. B. ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT

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BIOLOGY – CHAPTER 20-21

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  1. BIOLOGY – CHAPTER 20-21

  2. I. COMMUNITIES AND SURVIVAL: A. LIMITING FACTORS: ANY abiotic OR biotic THAT RESTRICTS THE EXISTENCE, NUMBERS, REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANSIMS. B. ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Natural selection- INDIVIDUALS WITH CERTAIN DESIRABLE TRAITS WILL SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE IN GREATER NUMBERS THAN THOSE WITHOUT THE TRAITS. 2. Evolution- CHANGE IN A SPECIES OVER TIME DUE TO NATURAL SELECTION. 3. Coevolution- WHEN TWO OR MORE SPECIES CHANGE, ADAPT, OR EVOLVE AT THE SAME TIME.

  3. II. HOW ECOSYSTEMS CHANGE: A. Succession_ - A REGULAR PATTERN OF CHANGES B. SECONDARY SUCCESSION - THE regeneration OF AN ECOSYSTEM - REPAIR OF DAMAGE BY DISASTER SUCH AS FIRE, VOLCANO, HURRICANE, ETC. C. PRIMARY SUCCESSION - SUCCESSION WHERE no_ ECOSYSTEM EXISTED BEFORE. EXAMPLE RECEDING AREA LEFT BY A GLACIER

  4. Succession Secondary – after a volcano Primary – after a glacier

  5. Succession

  6. III. KINDS OF ECOSYSTEMS / BIOMES: AREAS WITH DISTINCTIVE CLIMATE (WEATHER CONDITIONS) AND ORGANISMS, .

  7. A. FORESTS: 1. Tropical Rainforest_- CHARACTERIZED BY HEAVY RAINFALL (UP TO 250 CM) AND YEAR ROUND WARM TEMPERATURES. THESE PROVIDE THE PERFECT CLIMATE FOR GROWING PLANTS.

  8. Tropical Rainforest

  9. Why are they important? • Rainforests are the source of many items that we all use in our own homes!http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_3/discvids/_html/index.htm?info_text=c7e_rain_forests • We eat several foods from the rainforest and many medicines are made from ingredients found only in these areas. • chocolate • sugar • cinnamon • rubber • medicine • pineapples

  10. 2. Temperate Rainforest- CHARACTERIZED BY HIGH RAINFALL AND MODERATE TEMPERATURES PROVIDES PERFECT CLIMATE FOR ABUNDANT GROWTH OF FOREST PLANTS. Temperate Deciduous FORESTS- CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREME TEMPERATURE CHANGES BETWEEN SUMMER AND WINTER (-00C-350C)AND 75-250 CM OF RAINFALL. http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_3/discvids/_html/index.htm?info_text=c7e_trees Taiga_- CHARACTERIZED BY LONG EXTREMELY COLD WINTERS (-200C), AND LOW PRECIPITATION.

  11. B. GRASSLANDS, DESERTS, AND TUNDRA: CLIMATES WITH LESS RAINFALL CREATE BIOMES WITH DECREASED DIVERSITY IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS. • Tropical Savannah_- CHARACTERIZED AS AN AREA NEAR THE EQUATOR BUT WITH LIMITED RAINFALL. LACK OF RAIN LIMITS AMOUNT OF TREE GROWTH.

  12. Temperate Grasslands: PRAIRIES, STEPPES, AND PAMPAS – CHARACTERIZED BY LIMITED RAINFALL, MOST OFTEN LOCATED IN THE INTERIOR OF A CONTINENT.

  13. Deserts- CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY LOW PRECIPITATION, LESS THAN 25 CM PER YEAR. SOIL IS RICH IN MINERALS BUT LOW IN ORGANIC MATTER. • Tundra - CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY LOW PRECIPITATION, AND FROZEN SOIL. OFTEN DOTTED WITH BOGS AND SWAMPS.

  14. C. FRESH WATER ECOSYSTEMS - LAKES, PONDS, RIVERS, AND STREAMS - CONTAINS WATER WITH LITTLE DISSOLVED SALT. 1. Lakes & ponds - CHARACTERIZED BY STANDING FRESH WATER.

  15. 2.WETLANDS - AREAS OF LAND THAT ARE COVERED BY WATER FOR PART OF THE YEAR, PRIMARILY marshes & swamps. 3. RIVERS - MOVING FRESH WATER

  16. D. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS - OCEANS AND BAYS, PRIMARILY Salt Water • ESTUARIES - AN ECOSYSTEM WHERE RIVER WATER mixes WITH OCEAN WATER.

  17. Coral reefs - LIMESTONE ISLANDS IN THE SEA BUILT BY SMALL ANIMALS. MUST HAVE warm SALT WATER TO ENCOURAGE GROWTH OF THESE CREATURES.

  18. OCEANS – 3/4 OF THE EARTH’ S SURFACE IS COVERED BY OCEANS.

  19. Polar ECOSYSTEMS - THE ICE COVERED NORTH AND SOUTH POLE. THE NORTH POLE IS A FROZEN ICEBERG, WHILE THE SOUTH POLE IS THE FROZEN CONTINENT OF ANTARCTICA.

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