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Project 1B

Project 1B. Three components Your misinformation page and images The disclaimer page Testing it with others This week's labs are dedicated to Project 1B Look at the suggestions page. Project 1 – Image Permissions. Warning

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Project 1B

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  1. Project 1B • Three components • Your misinformation page and images • The disclaimer page • Testing it with others • This week's labs are dedicated to Project 1B • Look at the suggestions page Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  2. Project 1 – Image Permissions Warning If the images lack proper permission and legal rights for use, there will be a major grading penalty. You should have feedback on your 1A work by today. Contact your TA and me if you have any concerns. Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  3. Project 1 - Competition • Each section will vote for their top two misinformation sites • Class will vote for the top four among these twelve finalists • Awards • 1st Place: 50 pts extra credit • 2nd Place: 30 pts extra credit • 3rd Place: 20 pts extra credit • 4th Place: 15 pts extra credit • 5th-12th: 10 pts extra credit Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  4. INFO100 and CSE100 Fluency with Information Technology Getting IT's DigitsBinary to Hexadecimal Katherine Deibel Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  5. Info Representation • Digitization: Representing information by any fixed set of symbols The representation associates one item with each symbol … encode the telephone keypad using ten colors What number is: ? Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  6. Creating Symbols • Often, there are many things to digitize, but too few symbols available • The solution is to create more symbols by composing patterns • Three patterns make three symbols: • Pairing them makes 9 symbols; when they are triples, 27 symbols, and so on Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  7. An Encoding • Encode the Latin alphabet Three pattern triples = 27 symbols A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z MAKE LOVE NOT WAR Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  8. Info in the Physical World • The most fundamental representation of information is presence/absence of a phenomenon • matter, light, magnetism, flow, charge, … • detect: “Is the phenomenon present?” • set: make phenomenon present or absent • Any controllable phenomenon works if you define it right • PandA: Present and Absent Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  9. Examples Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  10. Info in the Logical World • Logical World:Information, reasoning, computation are formulated by true/false and logic • All men are mortal • Aristotle is a man • Aristotle is mortal • True and false can be the patterns for encoding information Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  11. Connect Physical/Logical • The miracle of IT is that physical and logical worlds can be connected • Present means true / Absent false • Or vice versa depending on the standard Pavement Memory false true false falsefalse true true false true false true false falsefalse 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  12. A Curious Story… The Diving Bell and the Butterfly Jean-Dominique Bauby Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  13. Asking Yes/No Questions • A protocol for Yes/No questions • One blink  Yes • Two blinks  No • PandA implies that this is not the fewest number of blinks … really? • Why not use no blinks for No? Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  14. Bits • PandA is a binary representation because it uses 2 patterns • Bit • a contraction for “binary digit” • a position in space/time capable of being set and detected in 2 patterns Sherlock Holmes’s Mystery of Silver Blaze A popular example where “absent” gives information … the dog didn’t bark, that is the phenomenon wasn’t detected Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  15. Bytes • A byte is eight bits treated as a unit • Adopted by IBM in 1960s • A standard measure ever since • Bytes encode the Latin alphabet using ASCII—the American Standard Code for Information Interchange Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  16. Bits Are It • Bits represent information, but their interpretation gives bits meaning • Could be a number, color, instruction, ASCII, sound samples, IP address, … Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  17. The Power of Bits & Binary Bias-free Universal Medium Principle • Bits can represent all forms of discrete information • Bits have no inherent meaning Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  18. From Binary to English What? You can't read 0s and 1s? Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  19. ASCII • F0100 0110 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  20. ASCII • F0100 0110 • I0100 1001 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  21. ASCII • F0100 0110 • I0100 1001 • T0101 0100 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  22. Character Sets • Defined sets of characters mapping to numbers (binary representations) • Examples • ASCII • ASCII extended • Unicode • UTF-8 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  23. XHTML & Charset • Tells the browser which character set to use so the page displays the way you want <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  24. UTF-8 • Uniform Transformation Format • Universal—all characters have a place • Each character is encoded using 1 to 4 bytes (8 to 32 bits) Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  25. Converting Binary Because we have ten fingers Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  26. Base or Radix • Different number representations are based around different numbers • This number is called a base or radix • Binary: base 2 • Octal: base 8 • Decimal: base 10 • Hexadecimal: base 16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  27. The Base Changes Everything • 1101 in binary = 13 in decimal • 1101 in octal = 577 in decimal • 1101 in decimal = 1101 in decimal • 1101 in hexadecimal = 4353 in decimal Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  28. Positional Notation • All numbers use positional or place notation that is based on the radix • Decimal 1101 = 1×1000 + 1×100 + 0×10 + 1×1 = 1×103 + 1×102 + 0×101 + 1×100 • Binary 1101 = 1×8 + 1×4 + 0×2 + 1×1 = 1×23 + 1×22 + 0×21 + 1×20 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  29. Positional Notation Logic Recall that the digits in a number represent a power of the base value d7×107d7×27 d6×106d6×26 d5×105d5×25 d4×104d4×24 d3×103d3×23 d2×102d2×22 d1×101d1×21 d0×100d0×20 d7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0d7d6d5d4d3d2d1d0 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  30. Converting Binary to Decimal • Given a binary number, add up the powers of 2 corresponding to 1s • Example: 10100001 = 128 + 32 +1 10100001 = 161 1×27 = 1×128 = 128 0×26 = 0×64 = 0 1×25 = 1×32 = 32 0×24 = 0×16 = 0 0×23 = 0×8 = 0 0×22 = 0×4 = 0 0×21 = 0×2 = 0 1×20 = 1×1= 1 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  31. Converting Binary to Decimal • Given a binary number, add up the powers of 2 corresponding to 1s • Example: 00110010 = 32 + 16 + 2 00110010 = 50 0×27 = 0×128 = 0 0×26 = 0×64 = 0 1×25 = 1×32 = 32 1×24 = 1×16= 16 0×23 = 0×8 = 0 1×22 = 0×4= 0 1×21 = 1×2= 2 0×20 = 0×1= 0 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  32. Converting Decimal to Binary • This table explains the procedure • Let's convert 104 to binary Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  33. Converting Decimal to Binary • Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  34. Converting Decimal to Binary • Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  35. Converting Decimal to Binary • Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  36. Converting Decimal to Binary • Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  37. Converting Decimal to Binary • Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  38. Converting Decimal to Binary • Since we are at 0, the rest of the digits must be zero as well Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  39. Converting Decimal to Binary • Thus, 104 in decimal is 01101000 in binary Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  40. Leading Zeros in Binary • Note that we wrote 104 as 01101000 • We could have written 1101000 and been just as correct • In computing, we usually write binary with multiples of 4 or 8 digits • Based on length of nibbles and bytes • We add leading zeros to the front Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  41. Hexadecimal She turned me into a newt… using GIMP Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  42. So why base 16? • Two bytes is pretty common • Binary numbers are too long • Decimal numbers are more concise • 10 is not a power of 2 • 16 is a power of 2 (24) Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  43. Hexadecimal Digits • 0.. 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5.. 6.. 7.. 8.. 9..now what? • We use letters: • 10  A • 11  B • 12  C • 13  D • 14  E • 15 F Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  44. Converting Hex to Decimal • Same as with binary with two differences: • The digits are more than 0 and 1 • The base is 16 • Example: A37 = 2560 + 48 + 7 A37 = 2615 A×162 = 10×256 = 2560 3×161 = 3×16 = 48 7×160 = 7×1 = 7 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  45. Convert 4B to Decimal • 4 × 16 = 6411 × 1 = 11 (B = 11)75 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  46. RGB: Application of Hexadecimal • Recall: colors are combinations of RGB • Husky Purple Red=160 Green=76 Blue=230 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  47. RGB Values as Hex • RGB values range from 0 to 255 • 0 means none of that color • 255 means full saturation of that color • rgb(0,255,0) is GREEN • In hex, this range is 00 to FF • We can write as GREEN as #00FF00 or #00ff00 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  48. Predefined Web Colors • 147 colors have been predefined for use in HTML and CSS • Examples Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  49. #0040ff Hints for RGB values in Hex: • FF is 255 • 80 is 128 • 40 is 64 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

  50. Further Digitization Metadata and Compression Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology

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