1 / 42

POTENTIAL OF BOVINE BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE AZORES

POTENTIAL OF BOVINE BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE AZORES. André Pina, Kiti Suomalainen & Leonardo Rosado January 2008. Contents. Introduction Biomass Azores Anaerobic Digestion Energy Potential Conclusions. Introduction: The Green Island Project.

nishi
Download Presentation

POTENTIAL OF BOVINE BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE AZORES

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. POTENTIAL OF BOVINE BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE AZORES André Pina, Kiti Suomalainen & Leonardo Rosado January 2008

  2. Contents • Introduction • Biomass • Azores • Anaerobic Digestion • Energy Potential • Conclusions

  3. Introduction: The Green Island Project • Indicate prospects for reducing fossil fuel use • Reduction of energy use • Increase conversion efficiencies • Increase share of renewable energy • Energy consumption • Fossil fuels, transports, CO2 • Electricity consumption, efficiency in buildings • Electricity production, fossil and renewable • Grid capacities

  4. Introduction: Objectives • Contribute to the Green island project • explore a renewable energy source • endogenous natural resources of the Azores • Evaluate the economic viability of bovine biomass • Energetic potential • Definition of a system to generate electricity • Costs to implement the system • Evaluation of economic viability

  5. Biomass: What is it? • Biological material derived from living or recently living organisms, both animal and vegetable. • Virgin wood • Energy crops • Agricultural residues • Industrial waste and co-products • Food waste

  6. Biomass: What to do with it? FROM BIOMASS • Thermal • Combustion • Gasification • Pyrolysis • Chemical • Anaerobic digestion TO USEFUL STUFF • Biofuels - transports • Biopower – electricity & heat • Bioproducts – chemicals, replace plastics, pellets (heat)

  7. Biomass: Facts about biogas from cow dung • Cow dung gas is 55-65% methane, 30-35% carbon dioxide, with some hydrogen, nitrogen and other traces. • Heating values (MJ/kg) • Methane: 40 • Natural gas: 36 • Biogas: 27 • Fuel oil: 42 • Cow dung slurry is composed of (%) • Nitrogen (N2): ~2.2 • Phosphorus (P2O5): ~1.1 • Potassium (K2O): ~0.7 • Organic humus: 50-75.

  8. Azores: Socioeconomical Characterization 1|2 • Spatial Distribution • 9 isles • 3 groups • GDP & Productivity • Lower GDP per capita • Higher Productivity

  9. Azores: Socioeconomical Characterization 2|2 • Population • ¾ in S. Miguel & Terceira

  10. Azores: Electricity Consumption 1|5 • Island distribution of primary energy used • Higher consumption in Faial • Lower consumption in Corvo • Sector distribution of primary energy used • Higher consumption in electricity • 7% in electricity production from a non-fossil source • 3% of total from a non-fossil source Lisbon: 97.2 GJ/cap Sources: IEA, website consultedinAugust 2007, DGGE 2005, EDA 2005. Sources: IEA, website consulted in August 2007, DGGE 2005, EDA 2005.

  11. Azores: Electricity Consumption 2|5 • Final use by sector andisland • HigherconsumptioninDomestic sector followedbyCommerce & Services

  12. Azores: Electricity Consumption 3|5 • Consumption per Capita • Higher consumption in Terceira • Lower consumption in Corvo

  13. Azores: Electricity Consumption 4|5 • Fuels’ consumption • Four main fuels: Butane, Gasoline, Diesel & Fuel oil • Diesel and Fuel Oil for Electricity production

  14. Azores: Electricity Consumption 5|5 • CO2 emissions • Electricity Production & Transports account for 75% Source: Edifícios Saudáveis Consultores, 2004.

  15. Anaerobic Digestion: Technological Overview • A process where bacteria break down organic material in the absence of air (oxygen). • Used for treating • agricultural, • household and • industrial residues and • sewage sludge.

  16. Anaerobic digestion: Entire process overview

  17. Anaerobic digestion : 4 steps • Hydrolysis : Complex organic matter decomposed into simple soluble organic molecules (water used to split the chemical bonds between). • Fermentation: Enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or molds decompose carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. • Acetogenesis: Acetogenic bacteria convert fermentation products into acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. • Methanogenesis: CH4 and CO2 are formed from acetate and hydrogen/carbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria.

  18. Anaerobic digestion: The products • The products of this process are: • Biogas (principally methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)) • A solid residue that is similar to compost  • A liquid liquor that can be used as a fertilizer.  Biogas can be used for heat and/or electricity production

  19. Anaerobic digestion: Electricity production • Electricity (and heat) may be produced in conventional boilers, (dual)fuel engines or CHP plants (the same way as natural gas is used). • Efficiency • Electric ~40% • With heat recovery ~80-85%

  20. Anaerobic digestion: Example from Luxemburg 1|2 Redange co-operative • A co-operative of 29 local farms, ”Biogas un der Atert”, in cooperation with the municipality, the wastes syndicate, the biogas planning office. • Area radius 6 km • Annual energy valorisation of • 230 tonnes manure • Energetic valorisation of municipality house waste foreseen • 2 x 3 x 1000 m3 digesters

  21. Anaerobic digestion: Example from Luxemburg 2|2 Output and feasibility • 5 800 m3 biogas per day, 60% methane • 700 kWe cogeneration module • 4.5 GWh(e), • 5.6 GWh(th) per year • Investment cost 4.5 M€ (60% Ministry of agriculture, 4000€ per farmer, rest financed by a loan) • Electricity sold at 10 c€/kWh  investment return rate <5 yrs

  22. Anaerobic digestion: From small-scale to large-scale Water Reclamation Plant, Brisbane, treats sewage and industrial wastes. Sludges are pre-treated by an hydrolysis process prior to anaerobic digestion. > 10 000 tonnes per year sludge treated. 0.5 kg of cow dung gives enough gas to cook a day's meals for a family in India.

  23. Anaerobic digestion: CO2 mitigation Key ways anaerobic digestion reduces CO2 emissions: • Replacement of fossil fuels • Reducing methane emission from landfills • Displacing industrially-produced chemical fertilisers • Reducing transportation to landfill • Reducing electrical grid transportation losses (not in our case though)

  24. C O O Anaerobic digestion: Our system

  25. Energy Potential: Bovine population in the Azores 1|2 • Total number of cows in the Azores is estimated to be around 226000 • The number of cows in each island is proportional to the milk produced

  26. Energy Potential: Bovine population in the Azores2|2 • On average, 1 tonne of manure can be produced by 30 cows each day • How much of the total manure is available? • Depends on the farmers and the space the cows are confined in (50% will be used)

  27. Energy Potential: Biogas produced • From 1 tonne of manure, 25 m3 of biogas can be produced • Each m3 of biogas contains around 24 MJ of energy

  28. Energy Potential: Electricity production 1|3 • Biogas can be used to produce electricity • Efficiencies are in the order of 40%

  29. Energy Potential: Electricity production 2|3 • How do these values compare with total electricity consumption? • Electricity savings would come directly from fuel/diesel engines

  30. Energy Potential: Electricity production 3|3 • Fuel/Diesel savings • Most promising islands: • São Miguel • São Jorge • Terceira • Graciosa

  31. Energy Potential: Capacity to install • The capacity to install must be slightly higher than the estimate • Only 50% of the biomass was accounted as useful

  32. Energy Potential: Costs1|2 • Two types of costs must be taken into account: • Installation costs • Running costs • Cost of kW installed decreases with the total capacity

  33. Energy Potential: Costs2|2 • Running costs include • Staff • Insurance • Transport costs • Annual fees for licenses and pollution control • Operating and Maintenance of digester and generator • Running costs are typically considered to be around 0.03 €/kWh

  34. Energy Potential: Revenues • Current legislations supports use of biogas with tariffs as following: • 0.104 €/kWh for the first 15 years • 0.060 €/kWh afterwards (assumed value) • Future revenues, as well as future expenses, must be discounted • Discout rate of 7% will be used

  35. Energy Potential: Economic Feasibility

  36. Energy Potential: Carbon emissions saved • For each kWh of electricity produced using biogas, carbon emissions are mitigated

  37. Energy Potential: Total savings with CO2 mitigation • In the future, CO2 will have a cost • Assumed 20€ for each tonne of CO2 emitted • Should the farmers receive money for the manure, given their contribution to CO2 mitigation? • If so, how much? (100 €/tonne will be assumed) • Who would pay for it? (Assumed the company) • Is it included in the tariffs? (Assumed to be)

  38. Energy Potential: New Economic Feasibility

  39. Conclusions • 3 Islands show economic viability to implement this system • S. Miguel, S. Jorge & Terceira • Substitution of about 15% of fossil fuels • Reduce CO2 emissions • Decrease dependence on energy imports • Including cost of dung still maintains economic viability for the 3 islands

  40. Conclusions: Discussion • How much manure is really available? • Assumed 50% • Is this the farmer’s preferred choice? • Also depends on logistics – where are the cows? • Should the farmer be paid for the cow dung? • Who owns the installation (e.g. cooperative or state)? • Where do the cows graze (who owns the grass)? • What happens to the manure otherwise? • If so, how much? • Delivery costs? • Price of CO2 emission permits avoided? • Who pays? Is this included in the feed-in tariff?

  41. Bibliography INESC Porto, Avaliação da Capacidade de Integração de Energias Renováveis em redes das Ilhas dos Açores, 2004. EDA – Electricidade dos Açores, Informação Estatística, 2006. DGGE – Direcção Geral de Geologia e Energia, Divisão de Estatística, Consumo de Combustíveis no Mercado Interno, 2005. British Biogen, Anaerobic Digestion of Farm and Food Processing Residues – Good Practice Guidelines, 2000. SREA – Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores, Os Açores em números, 2005. SREA – Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores, Séries Estatísticas 1994-2004, 2006. IEA – International Energy Agency, Key World Energy Statistics, 2006. BioMetha inc, Collective biomethanation project of Redange – A public and lasting project, 2004.

  42. THE END We’re here to save the day! Will you let us?

More Related