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WWI: The End of the War/The Treaty of Versailles

WWI: The End of the War/The Treaty of Versailles. The Beginning of the End. Two major developments occur in Spring 1917 that begin to wind the war down The Russian (or Bolshevik) Revolution (March) US entry on the Western Front. The Bolshevik Revolution.

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WWI: The End of the War/The Treaty of Versailles

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  1. WWI: The End of the War/The Treaty of Versailles

  2. The Beginning of the End • Two major developments occur in Spring 1917 that begin to wind the war down • The Russian (or Bolshevik) Revolution (March) • US entry on the Western Front

  3. The Bolshevik Revolution • Russia provides an example of why the home front is as important as the front lines in war • The people grew tired of the hardships of war and revolted • We call this phenomenon “War weariness” • Two phases: the February Revolution and the October Revolution

  4. Russian Revolution • Rich royal family – poor citizens • Violent backlash – Czar Nicholas abdicates – “February Revolution” • Provisional Lvov Government • “October Revolution” – socialist Bolshevik party seizes power • Begin negotiating with Central Powers and sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918

  5. Welcome, America! • Americans still upset about Lusitania • Continue to follow isolationist policy • Desperate German proposal to Mexico • Zimmermann Telegram • Pushes US over the edge and fully into the war. • By New Years 1918, American troops had arrived on the Western Front

  6. The Final Push • The Eastern Front is gone, but the Western Front is stronger than ever • German offensive to beat American arrival almost works • Allies rally from the brink and surge forward (Hundred Days) • Central Powers fall by November (Italy switches sides in 1916)

  7. 1917-8 Political Changes • Russia: Muscovite Czar Nicholas (Monarch)  Bolshevik Party (Socialist) • Germany: Prussian Kaiser Wilhelm (Monarch)  Weimar Republic • Austria-Hungary: Hapsburg Charles I/IV (Monarch)  Austrian Republic/Hungarian Democratic Republic

  8. Participants in WWI met for the “Paris Peace Conference” of 1919

  9. Canada was invited, for the first time EVER, to attend as an independent nation. This recognized the important role our military played during WWI Borden would sign the Treaty of Versailles as a recognized international leader

  10. However, the Conference was dominated by “The Big Three”

  11. Woodrow Wilson (USA)

  12. Lloyd George (UK)

  13. Georges Clemenceau (France) the “Tiger”

  14. And there were two notable absences…Russia was not allowed to attendNeither was Germany or its allies, even though the negotiations concerned their countries

  15. The goal? Design an international system that would make another war unlikely…

  16. Secondary Goal: Help Repair France

  17. Wilson’s “14 Points For Peace” • US President’s plan for enduring peace • Basis of German surrender • Included post-war plans to divide Europe and establish free trade

  18. Wilson, an “idealist” argued that punishing Germany would make Germans feel bitter, which may cause them to seek revenge…

  19. Georges Clemenceau, a “realist” of France, wanted Germany to PAY!

  20. Lloyd George of Britain, believed Germany should pay, but really wanted to maintain control of the seas… So they “compromised”

  21. Only 4 of Wilson’s original 14 Points would be included in the Treaty of Versailles… Most notably the establishment of a “League of Nations”, an international council to maintain world peace

  22. The Treaty of Versailles

  23. The War Guilt Clause Germany is solely responsible for causing the War Reparation payments of 269B Marks (German currency) Strict military restrictions Forfeit of all overseas colonies and return of Saar, Alsace and Lorraine to France, Polish corridor Germany and Austria could not ally

  24. German military restrictions Army = 100 000 menNavy = 15 000 men, no subs, 6 warshipsNo Air Force (Luftwaffe) Absolutely no installations (military or industrial) in the Rhineland

  25. New nations were formed…“self determination” Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland…

  26. The League of Nations was formed Canada became a member of thisorganization that would be the pre-cursor to the United Nations.

  27. Ironically, the USA did not join the League.

  28. League of Nations Membership

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