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Quick Overview on Tones

Quick Overview on Tones. Helen Meng The Chinese University of Hong Kong. level of F 0. time. (2). 陽 平 /yang ping/, low level e.g., 麻. (1). 陰 平 /yin ping/, high level e.g., 媽. (3). 上 /shang/, rising e.g., 馬. (4). 去 /qu/, going e.g., 罵. Mandarin Tone System.

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Quick Overview on Tones

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  1. Quick Overview on Tones Helen Meng The Chinese University of Hong Kong

  2. level of F0 time (2). 陽平/yang ping/,low levele.g., 麻 (1). 陰平/yin ping/,high levele.g., 媽 (3). 上/shang/,risinge.g., 馬 (4). 去/qu/,goinge.g., 罵 Mandarin Tone System • 4 tones + 1 ‘light’ tone

  3. Cantonese Tone System • 6 non-entering and 3 entering tones

  4. Phonetic Transcription Schemes • Chinese character sets (“scripts”): simplified, traditional • Pronunciation of a character = tonal syllable = syllable + tone • Different syllable inventory for different dialects, e.g. Mandarin (official), Cantonese (major dialect)… • syllable in Roman alphabets • tone as a one-digit Arabic number • Popular schemes are • pinyin (for Mandarin)銀行 (bank): /yin2 hang2/ • jyutping (for Cantonese) 銀行 (bank): /ngan4 hong4/

  5. <tone> element

  6. Proposed <tone> Element • Tone • Vary with meaning, context and speaking style • 相 • in tone 2 meansphoto • in tone 3 means facial appearance / minister • Current SSML 1.0: phoneme • Requires pronunciation transcription • Example <phoneme alphabet="x-lshk-jyutping" ph="soeng2">相</phoneme> <phoneme alphabet="x-lshk-jyutping" ph="soeng3">相</phoneme> • Proposed <tone> element • with the required “value” attribute <tone value="2">相</tone> (photo) <tone value="3">相</tone> (face appearance) • inherit the alphabet attribute, or explicitly specify

  7. Examples of Using “tone” Element • Tone changes with meaning • 糖 (candy / sugar) <tone value="2">糖</tone> (tone 2 /tong2/: means candy) <tone value="4">糖</tone> (tone 4 /tong4/: means sugar) • Tone changes with context • 爺 (grandfather) 阿<tone value="4">爺</tone> (tone 4 /je4/: preceded by 阿) 爺<tone value="2">爺</tone> (tone 2 /je2/: preceded by 爺) • Tone changes with speaking style: • 英文(English) 英<tone value=“4">文</tone> (tone 4 /man4/: formal, read) 英<tone value="2">文</tone> (tone 2 /man2/: colloquial)

  8. Tone Sandhi (Rules) • For Mandarin: • Tone3 Tone3  Tone2 Tone3 • Etc. • For Cantonese: • Tone4 Tone4  Tone4 Tone2 OR • Tone4 Tone4  Tone4 Tone1 • Tone4 Tone4 (no change) • Etc.

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