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TCP/IP

Chapter 7. TCP/IP. TCP/IP History. Developed in the 1970s Created for use on the ARPANET Used by UNIX Predates the PC, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, and Ethernet Platform and operating system independent. TCP/IP Standards. Developed using a collaborative process

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TCP/IP

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  1. Chapter 7 TCP/IP

  2. TCP/IP History Chapter 7: TCP/IP • Developed in the 1970s • Created for use on the ARPANET • Used by UNIX • Predates the PC, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, and Ethernet • Platform and operating system independent

  3. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TCP/IP Standards • Developed using a collaborative process • Published as Requests for Comments (RFCs) by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) • In the public domain

  4. Chapter 7: TCP/IP Advantages of a Multilayered Design • Platform independence – Separate protocols make it easier to support a variety of communicating Platforms • Quality of service – Provide level of service required • Simultaneous development – Can develop various protocols simultaneously

  5. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TCP/IP AND THE OSI MODEL

  6. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE LINK LAYER • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) link layer protocols include • Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) • Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

  7. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE INTERNET LAYER • The TCP/IP internet layer is equivalent to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network layer. • Examples of Internet layer protocols include • IP • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Routing protocols: • Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 1 and 2 • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

  8. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE TRANSPORT LAYER • The TCP/IP transport layer is equivalent to the OSI transport layer. • Examples of transport layer protocols include • TCP • UDP

  9. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE APPLICATION LAYER • The TCP/IP application layer is equivalent to the session, presentation, and application layers in the OSI model. • Examples of application layer protocols include • Domain Name System (DNS) • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • File Transfer Protocol/Trivial File Transfer Protocol (FTP/TFTP) • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) • Telnet • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

  10. Chapter 7: TCP/IP ARP • The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) resolves logical network layer addresses to Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. • ARP is defined in Request for Comments (RFC) 826. • ARP requests and replies are broadcasts that can be generated by end systems and routers. • ARP broadcast messages are not forwarded by routers.

  11. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL (ICMP) • The ICMP protocol (described in RFC 792) is a connectionless network layer messaging protocol. • Two types of messages can be sent by end systems and routers: • Error and diagnostic.  Used to report error conditions and perform diagnostic tests on a network • Query. Used to request information from another system

  12. Chapter 7: TCP/IP IP ROUTING BASICS • Routers are network layer devices that • Connect similar or dissimilar data-link layer architectures to form an internetwork. • Use route tables to forward datagrams across an internetwork. • Datagrams are forwarded based on the logical destination network layer address. • The best path selection is determined by the least cost metric. • Routes to remote destinations are learned in two ways: • Statically • Dynamically

  13. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DIRECTLY CONNECTED NETWORKS

  14. Chapter 7: TCP/IP STATIC ROUTES • Static routes are manually configured by an administrator. • There must be one static route for each destination network. • There must be a default static route. • When a specific route becomes unavailable, a new static route must be added and the old one must be removed. • Static routes do not generate broadcast traffic. • Suitable only for small networks

  15. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DYNAMIC ROUTES • Dynamic routes are automatically learned and advertised by routing protocols. • Routers use dynamic routing protocols to build their route tables and advertise route information. • Routing protocols, such as RIP and OSPF, can adapt very quickly to changes in the network. • Routes are either broadcast or multicast. • The best path selection is based on metrics.

  16. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DYNAMIC ROUTES (CONT.) • Suitable for large networks • Automatically compensates for network infrastructure changes • Reduces administrative workload

  17. Chapter 7: TCP/IP ROUTING TABLE INFORMATION • Each route entry includes the following information: • The destination network and subnet mask • The IP address of the next gateway (or router) used to reach the destination • The specific outgoing interface used to reach the destination • The metric value associated with the route

  18. Chapter 7: TCP/IP MICROSOFT WINDOWS XP ROUTING TABLE

  19. Chapter 7: TCP/IP STATIC ROUTE EXAMPLE

  20. Chapter 7: TCP/IP STATIC ROUTE COMMANDS • The configuration of a static route varies, depending on the operating system of the computer or router you are using. • For Microsoft Windows Server 2003 you can use either • Route.execommand line interface • Routing And Remote Access Console

  21. Chapter 7: TCP/IP STATIC ROUTE COMMANDS (CONT.) • For UNIX and Linux systems, use the Route command line interface. • For NetWare servers, you can use either Routecon.nlm or Inetcfg.nlm.

  22. Chapter 7: TCP/IP ROUTE.EXE SYNTAX • To add a static route, use the following command line syntax: • ROUTE ADD [destination network] MASK [subnet mask] [local interface address] IF [local interface number] METRIC [metric value for route] • For example: • ROUTE ADD 192.168.3.0 MASK 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2 IF 1 METRIC 1

  23. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS • Routers use dynamic routing protocols to advertise and learn about networks. • There are two types of routing protocols: • Distance vector • Link state

  24. Chapter 7: TCP/IP RIP (Routing Information protocol) • RIP is a distance vector routing protocol. • There are two versions of RIP: • RIP version 1, or RIP v1 (defined in RFC 1058) • RIP version 2, or RIP v2 (defined in RFC 2453) • RIP uses the least number of hops to determine the best path to a destination. • The maximum hop count is 15 (16 = destination unreachable).

  25. Chapter 7: TCP/IP OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) • OSPF is a link state routing protocol defined in RFC 2328. • OSPF uses link costs with the lowest values to determine the best path to a destination. • Routers maintain a database of routes for the entire network. • Routers exchange route information through multicast advertisements. • OSPF supports load balancing and authentication.

  26. Chapter 7: TCP/IP APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS • Provide the communication between a client program and a server program across a network • Run on TCP or UDP

  27. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DNS (Domain Name System) • Resolves Internet Protocol (IP) host names to logical network layer addresses (converts IP addresses to Hostnames) • Runs on top of UDP or TCP • Uses well-known port 53

  28. Chapter 7: TCP/IP DNS (Domain Name System) (CONT.) • A hierarchical namespace for computer networks – Identifies computers using names composed of 3 or more words, separated by periods. • Common Top Level Domains • .edu • .gov • .mil • .com • .net • .org

  29. Chapter 7: TCP/IP Top Level Domain DNS (Domain Name System) (CONT.) Second Level Domain

  30. DNS Name Resolution Chapter 7: TCP/IP The DNS Name Resolution Process

  31. DHCP Chapter 7: TCP/IP DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) • Facilitates the automatic assignment of IP addresses • Runs on top of UDP or TCP • Uses well-known server port 67 and client port 68

  32. Chapter 7: TCP/IP FTP (File Transfer Protocol) • Is a connection-oriented file transfer protocol • Runs on top of TCP • Uses well-known server ports 21 (for control) and 20 (for data)

  33. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) • Is a connectionless file transfer protocol • Runs on top of UDP • Uses well-known server port 69

  34. Chapter 7: TCP/IP HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) • Used to access Web services • Runs on top of UDP or TCP • Uses well-known server port 80

  35. Chapter 7: TCP/IP SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) • Is an e-mail protocol • Runs on top of TCP • Uses well-known server port 25

  36. Chapter 7: TCP/IP SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) • Allows SNMP management devices to query clients for information and set network traps. Use to gather information about the network • Runs on top of UDP or TCP • Uses well-known server port 161

  37. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE TELNET (Terminal Emulation) PROTOCOL • Is a terminal emulation program that allows remote access and management of network devices • Runs on top of TCP • Uses well-known server port 23

  38. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TCP/IP CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS • Each TCP/IP Windows host must be configured with the following parameters: • IP Address • Subnet Mask • Default Gateway • DNS Server Address • Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) Server Address • Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS)/Host Name

  39. Chapter 7: TCP/IP TCP/IP AND WINDOWS • All current versions of Windows use the TCP/IP protocol stack by default. • When the operating system detects a network interface adapter, it automatically installs the network interface device driver and the following TCP/IP modules: • Client for Microsoft Networks • File and Print Sharing for Microsoft Networks • Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

  40. Chapter 7: TCP/IP INSTALLING TCP/IP COMPONENTS

  41. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP) PROPERTIES DIALOG BOX

  42. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE IP SETTINGS TAB

  43. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE DNS TAB

  44. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE WINS TAB

  45. Chapter 7: TCP/IP THE OPTIONS TAB

  46. Chapter 7: TCP/IP SUMMARY • The TCP/IP protocol stack consists of four layers: link, internet, transport, and application. • ARP resolves logical network layer addresses to MAC addresses. • ICMP is a messaging protocol used to report IP errors and query hosts for information. • Routers connect networks. They use static or dynamic routing protocols to learn and advertise routes. • Application layer protocols provide services to IP clients, such as file transfer and e-mail capability. • IP hosts must be configured with an IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS Server Address, WINS Server Address, and other parameters to communicate on a network.

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