Chapter 26: Clouds of War

1. Chapter 26: Clouds of War Mrs. Hauber US History

2. The Rise of Nationalism

3. Rise of Dictators

4. Video Clip on the Causes of WWII

5. Causes of WWII • MAIN • Anti-Communism • Policy of Appeasement • Germany’s occupation of Poland • Japan’s invasion of Manchuria and China • Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia • Stalin’s Non-Aggression Pact

6. Resentment over the Treaty of Versailles • Huge reparations bill to Germany • Loss of territories (Alsace-Lorraine) • Demilitarization • Italy was promised land, but was ignored

7. Development of the Axis Powers • Rome-Berlin Axis—Italy and Germany agree to help fascist forces in the Spanish Civil War. • Anti-COM intern Pact– Japan and Germany agree to help fight Communism

8. (continued) • NAZI-Soviet Pact—(Non Aggression Pact)—Russia and Germany agree to Neutrality • Germany can take Western Poland unopposed • Russia can take Eastern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

9. Prior to WWII Hitler's March • Remilitarizes the Rhineland • Annexes Austria unopposed • Germany takes Sudetenland • Munich Pact—(Policy of Appeasement)—Britain and France give into Hitler’s demands of the Sudetenland to ensure peace.

10. Hitler's March (Continued) • 6 months later Germany takes the rest of Czechoslovakia • Germany invades Poland on September 1, 1939 (the start of WWII)

11. Map of Czechoslovakia and Poland

12. Mussolini’s March • Italy invades Ethiopia in Africa • Wants to rebuild Italy into the Old Roman Empire • Forms pact with Germany

13. Japan’s March • Invades Manchuria in 1931 • Japan lacks good resources • Violates Kellogg-Briand pact • US does not risk war • Invades China in 1937 • Declares New World order in Asia • Declares “Open-Door” Policy Closed

14. Japanese Invasion of Manchuria

15. Stalin’s March • Russia fought Finland in a war for one year after pact with Germany • Finns fought bravely and the US admired their bravery. • Finland lost a portion of their land to Russia • Russia took over Baltic Region and Eastern Poland

16. Japanese-American Relations • US did not risk war when Japan invaded Manchuria and China • Panay—US gunboat sunk on the Yangtze River in China by the Japanese. • Japan apologized and paid for damages (didn’t see our flag on ship)

17. The Good Neighbor Policy • FDR’s policy that stresses the respect for other countries in the world by being a “good neighbor” • Originally meant for the whole world • Became our policy toward Latin America • In 1943, US gave up its right to intervene (stated in the Platt Amendment) • First test was in Mexico—US formed a compromise.

18. Quarantine Speech • FDR called for isolation of the aggressor nations • Foreshadows his getting ready for US involvement in the war

19. American Isolationism

20. Neutrality Acts • 1935 & 1936—prohibited the sale of any weapons to warring nations • 1939—Cash & Carry—exception to the neutrality acts whereby warring nations could buy weapons if they paid cash and shipped them from our shores.

21. Section 2: The Battlefield is Everywhere • After Germany’s invasion of Poland, there was no fighting for 6 months despite the fact that Britain and France declared war on Germany • Phony War—nickname given by the press for this time period • Only exception was Soviet Union’s attack on Finland

22. WWII Begins

23. A New Warfare • Blitzkrieg—Hitler’s strategy that overwhelms the enemy with planes, trucks, and tanks. “lightning war”

24. Hitler’s March after Sept 1st • Order in which other countries were invaded: • Poland • Denmark and Norway • Netherlands • Belgium • Luxemburg • France (penetrated the Maginot Line) • Operation Dynamo—300,000 British and French forces evacuated across the English Channel

25. Operation Dynamo

26. Air Power • Billy Mitchell—WWI ace that believed air power was the key to victory in the next war. • In 1921, he demonstrated how using an airplane to drop bombs could sink a battleship

27. Air Power (continued) • Charles Lindbergh—In 1927 he made a famous non-stop flight from NY to Paris • B-17—long-range bomber nicknamed the flying fortress • Admiral William Moffett-- designed the first aircraft carrier and was in charge of the air force

28. US Prepares for War • Plan to turn out 50,000 planes • Create a two-ocean navy • FDR tried to slowly change the nation’s opinion

29. Battle of Britain • Winston Churchill—New Prime Minister that warned that after the surrender of France, Britain would be next. • Mostly fought in the air • Germany launched daylight raids against ports and airfields

30. The London Blitz

31. Battle of Britain (continued) • ULTRA—Germany’s secret codes that Britain intercepted • Sea Lion—Hitler’s planned invasion across the English channel • Hitler postponed this invasion conceding defeat.

32. Election of 1940 • Wendell Wilkie—Republican candidate who was against the New Deal but agreed with FDR in preparing for war. • First peacetime draft ever. (For Defense)—FDR promised “not to send your boys to any foreign wars” • FDR was the 1st President to be elected 3 times.

33. Helping Great Britain • Neutrality Act of 1939 (Cash and Carry)—allowed aid to Britain, France, and China • Destroyers for Bases Deal—US gave Britain 50 old destroyers in exchange for 8 naval bases • Lend-Lease Act—leased war supplies to Britain because they could not afford them.

34. Undeclared Naval War • FDR extends defensive perimeter halfway across the Atlantic Ocean • FDR orders US ships to shoot any German ship within this perimeter on sight.

35. Atlantic Charter • FDR and Churchill meet secretly on a ship outside of Newfoundland • Atlantic Charter—update of Wilson’s 14 points where they came up with a set of “common principles” • FDR spoke of Four Freedoms: speech, religion, want and fear.

36. Warm Up • Explain the undeclared naval war going on in the Atlantic Ocean between the US and Germany.

37. Section 3: War Comes to the US • Invasion of Russia • Submarine Warfare • Trouble in the Pacific • Attack on Pearl Harbor • Declaration of War

38. Hitler Invades Russia • Violates NAZI-Soviet Pact (Operation Barbarossa) • Greatest Blunder because of the climate and vastness of territory • Nazis suffered from frostbite and frozen oil in the motors of their tanks.

40. Germany Increases Submarine Warfare • US was convoying British merchant ships • Three destroyers were hit by German submarines • USS Greer—actually stalking a German submarine; was 1st US ship to be hit. • USS Kearney— 12 Americans were killed • Rueben James—Over 100 killed • Undeclared Naval War

41. Trouble in the Pacific • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere—Japanese domination of the Far East • Burma Road—allied supply route to China • Japan wanted US to cut off aid to China

42. Japanese Advancement

43. Trouble in the Pacific (continued) • General Hidecki Tojo—a more war-like General in Japan that came to power • Magic—intelligence the US received from breaking Japan’s codes.

44. Planning the Attack

45. Attack on Pearl Harbor • US government was involved with peace talks with Japan • Decoders knew Japan was going to strike but didn’t know where • Dec. 7, 1941—greatest military disaster in America • 2400 killed

46. Pearl Harbor

47. Declaration of War • Dec 8, 1941—FDR gives his famous “Day of Infamy Speech” to the public. • US declares war on Japan • 3 days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the US