1 / 47

Vietnam

Vietnam. French Indochina. Vietnam Laos Cambodia Colony of France since The 1800’s. Ho Chi Minh. 1890-1969 In his 20’s, he traveled to the US and England At Versailles Conference, he petitioned for independence for Vietnam, but was ignored

nona
Download Presentation

Vietnam

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Vietnam

  2. French Indochina • Vietnam • Laos • Cambodia • Colony of France since The 1800’s

  3. Ho Chi Minh • 1890-1969 • In his 20’s, he traveled to the US and England • At Versailles Conference, he petitioned for independence for Vietnam, but was ignored • Becomes a Communist and travels to USSR and China • Returns to Vietnam in 1941

  4. Ho and the Viet Minh • Viet Minh are a guerilla force led by Ho • Fight the French for independence • Japan invades French Indochina • Viet Minh fight the Japanese • US supports Ho Chi Minh • Common Enemy • After WW II French regain power • Ho demands independence

  5. French Indochina War • 1946-1954 War against French for Independence • French • Emperor Bao Dai VS • Viet Minh • Ho Chi Minh • Vo Nguyen Giap • Communists strength is in North and villages • Nationalists control Southern cities

  6. 1946-1954 What else was happening? • Containment • Chinese Civil War • Soviets get the A Bomb • China goes Commie • Korean War

  7. French Indochina War • Guerilla War • US supports French and Nationalist side • Truman • Eisenhower • “Domino Theory” • By the end US is paying 90% of the War!

  8. Dien Bien Phu • French surrounded at Dien Bien Phu • General Giap is superior to French leader • 56 day siege • French ask for direct US help • Want US to use nukes • Nixon supports idea • Ike doesn’t • French surrender • 8000 POWs

  9. Geneva Accords - 1954 • Vietnam divided at 17th parallel • Supposed to be temporary • Plan for “free elections” • French leave • North - Communist • Ho Chi Minh • Hanoi • South – Backed by US • Bao Dai • Saigon • US does not sign agreement

  10. SEATO - 1954 • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization • NATO for SE Asia • To protect South Korea and South Vietnam • USA • UK • France • Australia • Taiwan • Thailand. Etc.

  11. Results of Division • 1955 – Ngo Dinh Diem elected in the South • Rigged election to replace Bao Dai • More people voted in Saigon than lived there • Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) • Guerilla force (insurgents) • Opposed to Diem • Operates in South, supported by the North • 1956 Election to reunify Vietnam cancelled by Diem • Temporary divide becomes permanent

  12. North Vietnam • Leader – Ho Chi Minh • Capital – Hanoi • Military – NVA (North Vietnamese Army) • Formerly the Viet Minh • Viet Cong (live in South but fight for North) • Backed by Communists (USSR, China)

  13. South Vietnam • Leader – Ngo Dinh Diem • Capital – Saigon • Military – ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) • Backed by the United States • With military advisors

  14. US Soldiers In Vietnam • 1960 – 900 • 1961 – 3,200 • 1962 – 11,500 • 1963 – 16,300 • 1964 – 23,300 • 1965 – 184,300 • 1966 – 425,300 • 1967 – 485,600 • 1968 – 536,100

  15. Vietnam under Diem • Corrupt • Brother Ngo DinhNhu was head of the secret police • 1st Lady Madam Nhu was very unpopular • Discriminated against Buddhists • Buddhist monks protest by using self-immolation

  16. US Early Strategy • Win their “Hearts and Minds” • “Strategic Hamlet Program” • Increase number of “advisors” • Create the Green Beret

  17. Overthrow of Diem • Nov. 2, 1963 – Diem overthrown by S. Vietnamese military • Believed US approved • Diem and Nhu assassinated • South Vietnam will be ruled by a succession of Generals

  18. Gulf of Tonkin Incident • Aug 2, 1964 - USS Maddox attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin • Aug 4, 1964 – • USS Maddox and • USS Turner Joy • report that they • are attacked again • Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara recommends US attack N Vietnam

  19. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Aug 5, 1964 – US launches air strikes • Aug 7, 1964 – Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving LBJ permission to use military force in Vietnam • Passed House 416-0 • Senate 98-2 • Official reason for fighting the Vietnam War

  20. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Problem? • 2nd incident never happened, we weren’t attacked • LBJ later said, “For all I know, our Navy might have been shooting at whales out there.” • Over 58,000 Americans will die in the Vietnam War

  21. Battle of the IaDrang Valley • Nov 1965 – 7th Air Cavalry • Col. Hal Moore • Rick Rescorla • 1st use of Helicopters • US reliance on firepower • US loses 234 • NVA loses 2000 • Considered a US Victory • Determines tactics for the war

  22. US Tactics • Sec of Defense – Robert McNamara • General William Westmoreland • War of Attrition • Kill enough of them and they will give up • Body Counts • Search and Destroy Missions • B-52s • Napalm • Agent Orange • Free Fire Zones

  23. NVA/VC Tactics • Guerilla warfare • Using native material • Bamboo • Vines • Tunnels • Ho Chi Minh Trail • Not 1 trail but a supply network • War of Attrition • Kill enough Americans to make them leave

  24. The Draft • 18-26 yr olds • Mostly 18-20 • Most men of draft age never serve • Lottery • Exemptions • Conscientious Objectors • Muhammad Ali • Deferments • College • Draft Dodgers • 1977 Amnesty – Jimmy Caret

  25. Anti-war Protests • College enrollment doubles in the 60’s • SDS – Students for a Democratic Society • Tom Hayden • Vietnam Veterans Against the War • Dr. Spock • Dr. King • Sen. William Fulbright • Columbia University • Draft evasion increases

  26. Tet Offensive – Jan 1968 • VC attack major cities and US bases • Saigon • Hue • KheSanh • Military defeat for VC – over 40,000 killed • Moral defeat for US • Before Tet: Hawks 62% - Doves 22% • After Tet: Hawks 41% - Doves 42% • TURNING POINT OF VIETNAM WAR

  27. Election of 1968 - Democrats • Lyndon Johnson • “Hey, hey LBJ how many kids did you kill today?” • Sen. Eugene McCarthy • Antiwar • Sen. Robert Kennedy • Antiwar • LBJ drops out of the race • VP Hubert Humphrey runs

  28. Election of 1968 • Republican – Richard Nixon • “Law and Order” • Independent – George Wallace • “Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow, Segregation Forever

  29. Dr. King Assassinated • Apr 4 – Dr. King assassinated in Memphis • Most major US cities erupt in riots • James Earl Ray • Arrested 2 months later in England

  30. Bobby Kennedy Assassinated • June 6 – Bobby Kennedy assassinated in Los Angeles • Had just won the California Primary • SirhanSirhan • Killed RFK because of his support of Israel

  31. Chicago Democratic Convention • Because of RFK’s death there was no clear candidate • Hippie antiwar protests • Mayor Richard Daily • Police Riot • Chicago 7 • Humphrey wins nomination

  32. Presidential Election • R – Richard Nixon 43.4% 301 Electoral Votes • D- Hubert Humphrey 42.7% 191 • I – George Wallace 13.5% 46

  33. Media Coverage of Vietnam

  34. My Lai Massacre • Happened March 1968, reported Nov 1969 • US soldiers murdered 350 civilians • Military covered it up • Finally reported by Seymour Hersh • Lt. William Calley convicted of ordering the killing • Sentenced to life in prison • Released after 4 months

  35. Vietnamization • Nixon’s plan to turn over control to the S. Vietnamese • Gradually pull US troops out • Increased bombing • May 1970 US invades Cambodia • Attack the Ho Chi Minh Trail • By 1972 US had pulled over 400,000 troops out of Vietnam

  36. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • Apr 30 - Nixon announces invasion of Cambodia • May 1 - Antiwar protest on campus • Friday night – vandalism downtown • Police shut down bars • May 2 – Mayor declares state of emergency • Gov. James Rhodes sends in the National Guard • Students burn down ROTC building • Students bayoneted by Guard • May 3 – Larger protest held • Guard tear gasses and bayonets students

  37. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • College has classes • Over 2000 protesters gather at noon on “The Commons” • Guard orders them to disperse • Tear gas • March up hill with bayonets

  38. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • Guard gather on practice field • Kneel and point rifles at students • Regroup and march back up the hill • Most protesters think it’s over

  39. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • At the top of the hill, by the Pagoda • Guard turns and opens fire!

  40. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • 4 Students killed, 9 wounded • 2 students killed and 12 wounded the next week at Jackson State in Miss. • End of College for 1970

  41. Pentagon Papers • Top secret history of Vietnam War compiled by Defense Department • Detailed lies about the war • 1971 – Leaked to the NY Times by Daniel Ellsberg • Nixon tried to stop the NY Times from publishing • NY Times v U.S. – 6-3 ruling for publishing • 1st Amendment • “The Plumbers” break into Ellsberg’s psychiatrist's office

  42. Peace • Paris Peace Talks began in 1968 • US negotiator Henry Kissinger • Le DucTho – N. Vietnam • Nguyen Van Thieu – S. Vietnam • Cease Fire announced just before 1972 election • Kissinger “Peace is at hand” • Agreement falls apart • US bombs Hanoi – “Christmas Bombing” • Cease fire signed Jan 21, 1973 • US withdraws combat troops

  43. POWs • US listed 1350 Americans as POWs • At the end of the war 591 were returned • Some had spent 8 years as prisoners

  44. Fall of Saigon Apr 1975 • War continues for 2 years after US withdrawal • US evacuates orphans and over 100,000 South Vietnamese that had helped us • Many more left behind • Saigon is captured in April 1975 • Now called Ho Chi Minh City

  45. Results of the Vietnam War • Over 3 million Vietnamese died • Over 58,000 Americans died • Over 300,000 Americans wounded • Cost more than $150 Billion • Vietnam became Communist anyway • US resumed diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s • Americans are still divided in their opinions over the Vietnam War

  46. Vietnam Veterans • Over 2.5 million Americans served in the Vietnam War • The served tours of 1 year • Many suffer from PTSD • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder • The were treated different when they can home than veterans of previous wars, by protesters and veterans alike

More Related