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Change of welfare state policies and care in Europe A nneli Anttonen professor University of Tampere Department of Social Policy and Social Work. Recwowe: Second joint Doctoral Workshop Development of Work and Welfare Reform in European Societies October 5-6, University of Hamburg.
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Change of welfare state policies and care in EuropeAnneli AnttonenprofessorUniversity of TampereDepartment of Social Policy and Social Work Recwowe: Second joint Doctoral Workshop Development of Work and Welfare Reform in European SocietiesOctober 5-6, University of Hamburg
Questions behind the lecture • There is an increasing theoretical and political interest on care, care work and care policies. • Care between work and welfare: care is work and activity that produces welfare, social interaction. • Ethics of care: moral obligations and principles (cultural embeddedness), whose responsibility? • Social policy: how to meet increasing care needs? • Care – a new social risk (care poverty). • Care – activity that costs money? .
What will happen to care work? • There ia a call for a work society for all: The European Employment Strategy; • If ”all” adults should do more paid work, what will happen to informal care work? • There is no European Care Strategy, except a kind of childcare strategy (rights for working parents); • What will happened to paid care work? Who are future care workers? Professionals? Semi-professionals? Informal carers? Paid informal carers? Transnational and transcontinental care workers?
From informal to formal care arrangements • The feminisation of labour market participation, attempts to raise retirement age and overall individualisation of life styles reduce informal care resources. • Informal (unpaid) care work has to be substituted by formal arrangements of care much broadly than earlier in history. • The status of informal care is changing? It is increasingly managed and controlled by state/municipal authorities. • Formal/informal/semi-formal care ((Pfau-Effinger and Geissler 2005). • New hybrid forms of ‘work’ and ‘care’ (Ungerson 2004) are developing (routed wages) • Commodification of care, economisation of care.
European context • Anttonen & Sointu: Hoivapolitiikka muutoksessa (Care Policies in Transition): A comparison of 12 European countries. Stakes, Helsinki 2006. • Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, France, the UK, Italy,Spain, Hungary and Poland • Care of children, care of elderly.
Care and citizenship Lister, Ruth; Williams, Fiona; Anttonen, Anneli; Bussemaker, Jet; Gerhard, Ute; Heinen, Jaqueline; Johansson, Stina; Arnlaug, Leira; Siim, Birte; and, Tobio, Constanza with Gavanas, Anna (2007): Gendering Citizenship in Western Europe: New Challenges for Citizenship Research in a Cross-national Context. The Policy Press: Bristol.
How to meet increasing care needs? • Public policies of care: pensions, housing, services, cash benefits, insurance, leaves and so on. • Big country variation in elder care, more uniformity in childcare. • History of elder care: mean, lean and local.
Some trends: public policy of care • Increasing state/public responsibility (expenses, coverage rates, rights); • From institutional to home-based care arrangements (deinstitutionalisation); • From services to money (insurance, personal budget, cash for care –schemes); • Formalisation of informal care; • Some countries seem to met their limits of public service provision: Finland and Sweden.
Five regimes/Anttonen and Sipilä (1996) • The Scandinavian model of public social care services • The Anglo-Saxon means-tested model of social care services • The traditional home care model • The Dutch-German model of subsidiarity • The French-Belgian model of family policy Anttonen, Anneli & Sipilä, Jorma (1996): European Social Care Services. Is it possible to identify models? Journal of European Social Policy 6:2(1996): 87-100. Bettio, Francesca & Plantenga, Janneke: Comparing Care Regimes in Europe. Feminist Economics 10:1(2004), 85-113.
Main findings • Social care regimes make a difference. • Care for children and care for older people might follow different paths within one society: there are countries that invest more on child care than on elder care and vice versa; and there are countries that invest on both children and older people. • The Nordic social care regime and Southern European family care regime are the most distinctive ones. • New member states, for instance Poland. • The Nordic social care regime: Denmark.
New trends in the Nordic care policy? • From universalism towards selectivism • Informalisation of care • Marketisation • Privatisation • Monetisation • Contracting out • New public management (Szebehely 2004)
Privatisation of care • Marketisation and commodification of care: new social care market. • The increased fees for service users: privatisation of financing. • The increased presence of private providers of state-subsidised care: privatisation of service provision (contracting out). • New public management: privatisation of the work organisation. • Increased privatisation and decreased universalism (Szebehely 2004).
The new politics of the elder care • The ‘old’ politics was founded on strong centralised institutions, universal treatment of ‘clients’ or ‘patients’ and professional needs-interpretation. • In the new politics of the elder care the figure of client/patient has become replaced by the figure of ‘consumer’ making ‘free choices’ on the emerging social care market (Clarke 2006, 425; Kremer 2006). • Since the early 1990s, the transition from the ‘old’ to the new market-related politics of the welfare state has taken place in a number of countries.
Care as a social investment Until these days, elder care has lacked the high social valuation typical to health care, education or childcare. Elder care is not seen as a social investment needed for the economic success of the society. Yet, social policy commentators within the EU (Feasibility…2003) and OECD (2005) are increasingly paying attention to elder care. New political interest on elder care: ageing of societies.
National and transnational politics • In all European societies governments are seeking for new solutions to meet the increasing service and care needs of the growing elderly population. National and local solutions. • From methodological nationalism to transnational governance (OECD, EU). • OECD: soft instruments of governance. • Globalisation of care and global care market: transcontinental care market.
Transnational policy instrument: EU’s employment strategy • European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU): budgetary dicipline; • Treaty of Amsterdam (1997): employment strategy was introduced; • The Lisbon Summit (2000): to raise the total employment rate in the member states to 70 % (60 % for women) by 2010; • Promoting life-long learning and increased employment in services; • The Open Method of Co-ordination; • Employment-friendly policy.
Again: what is the future of care work? • What will happen to care work/informal work? Who are informal carers in the future societies. • How to compensate losses in informal care resources? • Nor the family, state or market alone cannot meet all care needs. Which needs should be met? No admittance except with medical needs – medicalisation of care.
THERE IS A NEED FOR COMPARATIVE KNOWLEDGE ON CARE · To avoid ethnocentrism and to understand and interpret differences; · To advance theory; · To solve economic, social and moral problems; ·To learn from others’ experiences; ·To find new political alternatives/innovations.
