Université de Savoie UFR-LLSH LCE1 UE 103 Lecture: Phonetics & Phonology

1. Université de Savoie UFR-LLSHLCE1 UE 103Lecture: Phonetics & Phonology Alice Henderson ahend@univ-savoie.fr Office 812

2. Content of the 5 lectures 1) Introduction, Phonemes 2) Sounds in context, « connected speech » 3)Stress, accent & rhythm 4) Intonation 5) Conclusion

3. Outline, Sounds in context • Go over homework from last week • 4 processes of modification of words • Assimilation (coalescence) • Elision • Compression (smoothing) • Liaison • Weak forms • Stress & rhythm in context • Conclusion • Bibliography

4. Ex. 8.4 • This exercise showed you: • The order of elements in a label for a sound • voicing • + place of articulation • + manner of articulation

5. On-line transcriptions • http://www.uoregon.edu/~l150web/exer2b.html • Consonants & vowels: Write the phonetic symbol for the sound which the highlighted letter(s) in each word stand for. Don't be misled by spelling. • Classes of sounds: Determine which sound does NOT belong in each group. • Reading: The English words are written in phonetic symbols. Determine the correct normal spelling for each one. • Writing: Write each of the words below in phonetic symbols. Watch out for silent letters.

6. Identifying & labelling consonants

7. Effort: voiceless labiodental fricative Measure: voiced postalveolar fricative Baby: voiced bilabial plosive Around: voiced alveolar approximant Funny: voiced alveolar nasal Ever:voiced labiodental fricative Mother:voiced dental fricative Away: voiced labial-velar approximant Become: voiceless velar plosive Supper: voiceless bilabial plosive Identifying & labelling consonants

8. Dishes: voiceless postalveolar fricative Ditches: voiceless alveolar affricate Easy: voiced alveolar fricative Singer: voiced velar nasal Bigger: voiced velar plosive Author: voiceless dental fricative Daddy: voiced alveolar plosive Major: voiced alveolar affricate Beyond:voiced palatal approximant Summer: voiced bilabial nasal Identifying & labelling consonants

9. Outline, Sounds in context • Go over homework from last week • 4 processes of modification of words • Assimilation (coalescence) • Elision • Compression (smoothing) • Liaison • Weak forms • Stress & rhythm in context • Conclusion • Bibliography

10. Changes

11. More changes

12. Why modify sounds? • Often very hard to avoid • Attract attention to important syllables • Remove focus from unimportant syllables • Maintain the rhythm of English • Therefore, effects on connected speech

13. Outline, Sounds in context • 4 processes of modification of words • Assimilation (coalescence) • Elision • Compression • Liaison • Weak forms • Stress & rhythm in context • Conclusion • Bibliography

14. Assimilation • A sort of contamination of a sound by an adjacent sound • Rarely « obligatory » • A choice on the part of the speaker • Can occur before vowels & consonants (most commonly schwa and /t d s z/)

15. Try it yourself … a good girl salad cream broad beans

16. Answers: a good girl= the tongue stays pressed against the soft palate for a longer time than it would for a single velar consonant salad cream= the final /d/ is followed by a velar plosive, we lose the movement of the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge broad beans= same, final /d/ is followed by a bilabial, so we lose …

17. Try these, too: Ten minutes Ten kilograms That boy That girl

18. Try these, too: Ten minutes= the final /n/ becomes /m/ Ten kilograms= the final /n/ becomes « ng » *That boy= final /t/ becomes /p/ *That girl= final /t/ becomes /g/ *final /t/ usually pronounced as a glottal stop here, which is not usually assimilated

19. Types of assimilation

20. Advice for learners? • Don’t sacrifice fluency in order to pronounce an « uncontaminated » /z/ or /s/ • Let the rhythm help you …

21. Coalescence • A frequent example of coalescence • /t/ and /d/ + /j/ = /d½/ • Did you? /död½uÉ/ • What did you do? (*Also, elision of /t/ in What)

22. Don’t forget … devoicing • To use /ju:z/ I rarely use my car. • To be used to = accustomed to /ju:st/ • I used to go there. /z/ becomes /s/ • To suppose/ Be supposed to /z/ becomes /s/ • I suppose you’re right. • I’m supposed to be there right now!

23. Other cases of devoicing • /z/ becomes /s/ has to go • /v/ becomes /f/ I have to go. of course

24. Other examples

25. Guess … • bag ‘door • ‘baizeball • ‘buzz route • ‘eyesberg • ‘rizzwatch • ‘rose beef

26. Guess …

27. … and in the other direction • dretful • fock patches • flackpoles • Bratford / Bradford

28. … and in the other direction • Bratford / Bradford

29. Outline, Sounds in context • 4 processes of modification of words • Assimilation (coalescence) • Elision • Compression • Liaison • Weak forms • Stress & rhythm in context • Conclusion • Bibliography

30. Elision • The omission of a sound, often due to articulatory constraints • Occurs naturally • Advice for non-natives: no need to learn these but you MUST be aware that native speakers do not always produce each consonant distinctly

31. 4 Types of Elision • Loss of final consonants: • George the VIth’s throne • Loss of syllables • Historic elisions which cannot be modified • Groups of consonants with acceptable & un-acceptable modifications

32. George the VIth’s throne • In clusters of three plosives or two plosives + a fricative, the middle plosive may disappear • Acts / axe • Looked back / look back • Scripts / Scripps

33. Guess what disappears:

34. Guess what disappears:

35. Guess …

36. Guess …

37. It’s not a problem to … • Say • Even though many English native speakers say

38. BUT … Be careful: don’t add a syllable when you release a final plosive consonant followed by another obstruent (plosive, affricate or fricative)

39. Examples of added syllables:

40. 4 Types of Elision • Loss of final consonants • Loss of syllables • Historic elisions which cannot be modified • Groups of consonants with acceptable & un-acceptable modifications

41. Loss of syllables • Often adverbs derived from Latin • actually /Ǿkt§Wlö/ • generally /Çd½enrWlö/ • obviously /ǁbvöslö/ • usually /Çjuɽ¬lö/ • Temporarily / temporally *in N.Am. English:

42. 4 Types of Elision • Loss of final consonants • Loss of syllables • Historic elisions which cannot be modified • Groups of consonants with acceptable & un-acceptable modifications

43. Spelling ≠ pronunciation

44. 4 Types of Elision • Loss of final consonants • Loss of syllables • Historic elisions which cannot be modified • Groups of consonants with acceptable & un-acceptable modifications

45. Affricates which cannot be simplified

46. Consonant series which are difficult to pronounce

47. Outline, Sounds in context • 4 processes of modification of words • Assimilation (coalescence) • Elision • Compression • Liaison • Weak forms • Stress & rhythm in context • Conclusion • Bibliography

48. Compression/smoothing • Diphthong + schwa • « Deletion of the closing movement of the diphthong which after closing has to open again towards the central position of the schwa » (Deschamps, et al., p31)

49. Examples

50. Outline, Sounds in context • 4 processes of modification of words • Assimilation (coalescence) • Elision • Compression • Liaison • Weak forms • Stress & rhythm in context • Conclusion • Bibliography