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Landscape Design to Reduce Lyme Disease Risk

Landscape Design to Reduce Lyme Disease Risk. Dr. Jeffrey S. Ward Chief Scientist – Station Forester Forestry & Horticulture The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT. Adapted from a talk by Dr. Kirby C. Stafford III, CAES. Arthropod-Associated Diseases in the U.S. (2008).

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Landscape Design to Reduce Lyme Disease Risk

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  1. Landscape Design to Reduce Lyme Disease Risk Dr. Jeffrey S. Ward Chief Scientist – Station Forester Forestry & HorticultureThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew Haven, CT Adapted from a talk by Dr. Kirby C. Stafford III, CAES

  2. Arthropod-Associated Diseasesin the U.S. (2008) Arboviral EncephelitisWest Nile, EEE, St. Louis, WEE Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichosis Rocky MountainSpotted Fever Malaria (travelers overseas) Lyme Disease Human Babesiosis Powassan Encephalitis (2) Tularemia (123) Tick-borne Relapsing Fever Colorado Tick Fever Plague (3)

  3. Lyme Disease – United States, 1982-2008

  4. Late Lyme Disease • Monoarticular or oligoarticular arthritis (60%) – usually one or more large joints, especially knees • Nervous system (10%) –Bell’s palsy (most common)Headaches, stiff neck, tingling or numbness extremities, forgetfulness, personality change, cognitive impairment • Heart (5%) –usually varying degree of atroventricular block Arthritis knees Bell’s palsy

  5. Three-host Tick Life-cycle Kirby Stafford, CT Agricultural Experiment Station Pest Management: Lyme Disease & Tick Control

  6. White-footed mouse, birds Eastern chipmunk & shrews K. Stafford J. Occi

  7. Seasonal Activity of Ixodesscapularis

  8. Lyme Disease Incidence by Month Data CT Dept Public Health

  9. Lyme Disease Incidence by 10-Yr Age Groups Data CT Dept Public Health

  10. Tick Management • Personal Protection Measures • Host reduction or exclusion • Host-targeted acaricides • Habitat or vegetative modifications • Area-wide chemical control • Host-targeted vaccines (B. burgdorferi) • Biological & natural control www.ct.gov/caes Pest Management: Lyme Disease & Tick Control

  11. Probability of infected nymphs transmitting B. burgdorferi Transmission by undetected ticks = rate infection 94% 75% About half of ticks removed first 24 hrs 12% 0% 4.6% ticks found and removed will transmit des Vignes et al. 2001. J. Infect. Dis. 183:773-778.

  12. Pets & Lyme Disease • Pets can pick up ticks • Dogs can get Lyme diseasealso anaplasmosis or both • Check animal for ticksDaily grooming may help • Keep pets in tick-free zone • Treat animal for ticks • Canine vaccination againstBorrelia burgdorferi • Antimicrobial therapyfor Lyme disease Pfizer Central Research

  13. Lyme Disease primarily a peridomestic disease Ixodes scapularis • 67.3% woods, 21.6% ecotone, 2% on the lawn • 82% nymphs are within 3-m of the lawn edge with woods, stone walls, ecotone (change in vegetation type). • Data: Maupin et al. 1991; Stafford & Magnarelli 1993 • Estimated 75% ticks are picked up outdoors at home: • Play 47% • Yard Work 18% • Gardening 12% • Neighborhood 4% • Data: Stamford Health Department ALDF

  14. Landscape Management Goals • Reduce number of deer on property • Reduce number of rodents/birds on property • Create habitat unsuitable for ticks • Reduce time spent in tick infested areas

  15. Landscape Management Goals • Reduce number of deer on property • Reduce number of rodents/birds on property • Create habitat unsuitable for ticks • Reduce time spent in tick infested areas

  16. Landscape Mosaic Mouse home range 0.1-0.5 acres Deer urban home range Does 20-104 acres, Bucks 68-320 acres Old Lyme 142 acres (.22 mi2) core 20 acres Core Range

  17. Reducing deer on property • Herd control • Psychological • Chemical • Physical barriers • Plant selection

  18. Impact of Deer Reduction on Ticks Stafford et al. 2003. J. Medical Entomology 40: 642-652. In Connecticut, deer were reduced from over 250/mi2 to ~50/mi2 (~84%) at the Bluff Point Coastal Preserve and a geographically isolated tract in Bridgeport A 435 acre forested tract in Bridgeport, CT Bluff Point Coastal Reserve an 810 acre peninsula in Groton, CT

  19. Fewer deer  fewer ticks Fall population

  20. Elimination Deer Monhegan IslandRand et al. 2004. J. Medical Entomology 41:779-784 • 590 acre island off Maine, deer introduced 1955 • Deer density of 100/mi2 • All deer removed Nov. 1996-March 1999 • By summer 2003, no subadult I. scapularis found on rats, very few adults flagged, and adult abundance continues to gradually decrease.

  21. Tick reduction by exclusion of deer withelectric fencing at two properties in Lyme, CT % reduction Stage of I. scapularis >240 ft inside 100.0 83.8 74.1 Larvae Nymphs Adults Stafford, K.C. 1993. J. Medical Entomology 30:986-996.

  22. Birdfeeder Junipers Daylilies Yucca Rhododendrons and azaleas

  23. Plant selection • Very few completely resistant plants • Selection will depend on site characteristics and deer density

  24. Browse susceptible garden Yews, sunflowers, roses, hosta, impatiens, tulips, crocus, daylilies, yucca, phlox, lobelia, brown-eyed Susans, purple coneflowers

  25. Browse resistant garden Butterfly bush, beautybush, marigolds, poppies, daffodils, spiderflowers, vinca, Russian sage, yarrow, Artemisia, mints, lavender

  26. Landscape Management Goals • Reduce number of deer on property • Reduce number of rodents/birds on property • Create habitat unsuitable for ticks • Reduce time spent in tick infested areas

  27. Leaf Litter Removal Birdfeeder ? Yard Edge 49-70% reduction Reduce Groundcover Clean-up Stone Walls

  28. Landscape Management Goals • Reduce number of deer on property • Reduce number of rodents/birds on property • Create habitat unsuitable for ticks • Reduce time spent in tick infested areas

  29. Leaf Litter Removal Landscape Barriers Yard Edge 49-70% reduction Yard Edge 35-77% reduction Reduce Groundcover Clean-up Stone Walls

  30. Photographs: Kirby Stafford Before After

  31. Landscape Management Goals • Reduce number of deer on property • Reduce number of rodents/birds on property • Create habitat unsuitable for ticks • Reduce time spent in tick infested areas

  32. Place swing sets out of the tick zone Pest Management: Lyme Disease & Tick Control

  33. Alternative methods of controlling Japanese barberry and impact on Lyme disease risk Jeffrey S. WardScott C. Williams Department of Forestry and Horticulture The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Thomas E. Worthley Cooperative Extension University of Connecticut

  34. Japanese Barberry Studies: Funding / Cooperators

  35. Lyme disease incidence is high in many states where barberry is reported invasive. Light blue – states and provinces with barberry (http://plants.usda.gov) Red – states where barberry reported invasive (http://www.nps.gov) Blue dots – reported cases of Lyme disease in 2006 (http://www.cdc.gov)

  36. 22 Study Areas 127 plots – 18.2 ha (44.9 ac)

  37. Chopper Propane 1st step – Reduce size Saw Fire

  38. 2nd step - Kill sprout clumps Glyphosate Control Propane Triclopyr

  39. Barberry can be controlled!

  40. Costs vary among treatment combos

  41. Potential to reduce Lyme Disease Scott C. Williams Kirby C. Stafford III Louis A. Magnarelli

  42. Barberry and Lyme disease

  43. Less barberry  Fewer larval ticks

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