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TIM KERJA

TIM KERJA. A team is a formal group made up of independent individuals who are responsible for the attainment of a goal. B Dumain (1994). A team is a group which shares, and says it shares, a common purpose and recognises that it needs the efforts of every one of its members to achieve this.

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TIM KERJA

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  1. TIM KERJA

  2. A team is a formal group made up of independent individuals who are responsible for the attainment of a goal B Dumain (1994) A team is a group which shares, and says it shares, a common purpose and recognises that it needs the efforts of every one of its members to achieve this. A team is a team when it sees itself as a team, is going in the team direction, and has worked out its own team ways. D.R. Stewart (1992) Handbook of Management 2nd edition, Prentice Hall

  3. A team is a group of people who “purposefully interact towards the achievement of particular goals or aims.” S.R. Robbins (1999) Essentials of Organisational Behaviour Prentice Hall Definisitimberagamtetapimemiliki 3 elemenpenting, yakni : 1) Salingketergantungananggotakelompok 2) Ada yang dihasilkankelompok 3) Kelompokberoperasidalamorganisasi

  4. Why Teams? “Given an impossible task team members will reinforce each other’s confidence as they seek to turn the impossibility into reality. The collective ability to innovate is stronger than that of the individual because the combined brainpower of a team, however small in number, exceeds that of any one person. Heller and Hindle (1998) Essential Manager’s Manual London, Dorling Kindersley Ltd

  5. Why Teams? None of us is as smart as all of us Kenneth Blanchard (The One Minute Manager)

  6. Contoh Tim Kerja • Quality control circles. • Task forces. • Safety committees. • Sales teams. • R&D groups.

  7. Jenistimkerja(Kimball Fisher & Associates) • Natural Work Teams, bersifatpermanen. Misal bag. Radiologidi RS • Cross-Functional Teams, tujuannyatergantungfungsinya. Misal bag keamanan • Small Project Teams, bersifattemporersampaisebuahtugasselesai 4) Special Purpose Teams, bersifatsementaratetapijangkauantugasnyaluas

  8. Initimkerjaataubukan ? • Mahasiswadalam 1 pondokan • Mahasiswasatu program studi • Mahasiswamengerjakantugaskelompok • Mahasiswadalamsebuahkepanitiaan Prepared by the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology - SIOP

  9. Pengaruhukuranterhadaptimkerja(Hellriegel, D, Slocum, J W and Woodman, R W. 1998. Organisational Behaviour, 8th ed. South Western College Publishing. Division of Thompson Publishing)

  10. Bgmtimkerja yang sukses ? 1)Kualitas/Kuantitas/Waktu – hrs menghasilkansptygdiinginkan. 2) Kemampuanbekerjabersama 3) Apakesempatanpengembangandiridankesejahteraan Ketigahaltersebutharusberjalanseimbang Prepared by the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology - SIOP

  11. Creative TEAMS …..are SUCCESSFUL TEAMS! * People with different styles * People with different backgrounds * People with different angles Belbins 9 team roles

  12. Mengapatimkerjagagal ? • Tim bekerjasetengahsetengah.Why? • Bekerjatidaktepat • Kurangdukunganpimpinanorganisasi • Kuranginformasi • Kurangnyaketrampilananggotakelompok • Tidakadanyadukungandaridalammaupundariluartim Prepared by the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology - SIOP

  13. PengambilanKeputusandalam Tim Kerja Jenis-jenispengambilankeputusantim • Majority Vote (> 50%) • Multivoting (tiapanggota > 1 suara) • Unanimous Vote (semuasepakat) • Consensus (adaygtidaksetujutetapimendukungsuaramayoritas) Prepared by the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology - SIOP

  14. Masalah yang munculdalampengambilankeputusankelompok • Lower status members have less influence • Group decision is not always “correct” • Group discussion makes people more confident of their consensus decision • Groups tend to adopt minimally acceptable solutions • Social loafing (as size increases) • Groupthink.

  15. Kelompok • A group is a number of people who • interact with each other; • are psychologically aware of each other; • perceive themselves aware of each other • or perceive themselves to be a group. EH Schein (1980) Organisational Psychology Prentice Hall

  16. Groups vs Teams A group is likely to be temporary, to have no managerial objectives, to have no clear accountability for its performance and often no clear leader. A team, by contrast, is usually more permanent in nature, is accountable for the achievement of defined areas of performance and has a defined leader A Mumford (1993) How Managers Develop Hampshire Gower. p118

  17. Size Leadership Nature of the task Cohesiveness Nature/Motivation of Members Group Norms Individual Roles Environment Faktorpentingdalamperilakukelompok

  18. PengambilanKeputusanKelompok • Otokratik (pengambilankeputusanolehpimpinanberdasarkaninformasi yang dimiliki) • Demokratik (pengambilankeputusanolehanggotakelompokberdasarkansuaraterbanyak) • Konsensus (pengambilankeputusanberdasarkan 100% kesepakatananggota)

  19. Kelebihandankekuranganpengambilankeputusankelompok Kelebihan : • Pengetahuandanpengalamanlbhluas • Diterimasemuaanggota • Sangatmungkindikritik, dibahas • Masalahdapatdibagipadaanggota • Kekurangan : • Lambat • Menciptakankonflikintragroup • Potensialtjd groupthink dan group polarization • Anggotatertentudptmendominasikeputusan (misalpimpinan)

  20. Groupthink & Group Polarization Groupthink : sindrom yang ditandaidengankecenderunganmencarikesepakatandalamkelompokkohesifuntukmengambilkeputusansehinggamengurangikemampuankelompokdalammengambilkeputusankritis. Group polarization : kecenderungankelompokuntukmembuatkeputusan yang lebihekstrimdibandingkandengankeputusan yang diambilanggotakelompoksecara individual.

  21. KOMUNIKASI

  22. Proseskomunikasi Pengertiankomunikasi : Alurinformasiantaraseseorangataukelompokdenganorang lain ataukelompok lain

  23. Proseskomunikasi Aspek-aspek: • Sender (encoder) : tempatasalkomunikasi • Receiver (decoder) : penerima • Encoding : prosesmempersiapkanpesan yang akandisampaikan dg mencaribentukataukodetertentu. Kodetsbbisa verbal atau non verbal (body languange)

  24. d. Channel (media penyampaipesan) - Tidaktertulis : tatapmuka, telepon - Tertulis : memo, email e. Decoding : prosesmenterjemahkanpesan agar dimengerti

  25. . f. Feedback : pemberitahuanbahwasebuahpesantelahditerimadandimengerti. g. Noise : gangguanselamakomunikasiberlangsungsehinggatidakefektif. Bisaberupasuarafisikataupsikologis (persepsi, bias).

  26. Macam-macam channel a. Meeting - Dptmenggunakan visual - Melibatkanbeberapahalsekaligus - Alurduaarah - Butuhwaktu, rumit - Kemungkinanadadominasi

  27. Macam-macam channel b. Teleconference - Iritwaktubepergian - Visual - Persiapanlebihmatang - Mengurangipengaruhkekuatan / status - Tidakadakontak personal langsung - Mahalbiayanya - Tidakcocokuntukbrainstrormingawal

  28. Macam-macam channel - c. Laporan formal - Komplitdanmenyeluruh - Materipesanterorganisisr - Dapatdisebarluaskan - Lebih personal - Perluwaktuutkcermatmembacanya - Bahasamungkinkurangdimengerti - Hanyasatuarahsaja - Umpanbalikdapattertunda

  29. Macam-macam channel d. Tatapmuka - visual - adakontak personal - dapatmenunjukkandanmenjelaskan - dapatmengatursuasanahati - umpanbalikcepat -butuhwaktu - butuhberfikirspontan

  30. Macam-macam channel - susahberakhir / berujung - adatekanankrn status atau power e. Memorandum - singkat - dapatdiarsip - tidakadakontrol - hanyasatuarah

  31. Faktor yang mempengaruhialurkomunikasi • Faktorsumberpesanspt status dalamorganisasi, keahliandanpengetahuan, dptdipercaya, gayakomunikasi, ketrampilanencoding • Faktor channel, yaknipemilihan media yang tepat • Faktorpenerima (hubunganbaikpemberipesan dg penerima, ketrampilan decoding sipenerima)

  32. Komunikasi non verbal • Bentuk : ekspresiwajah, tekanansuara, geraktubuh, gayaberpakaian, sentuhan, jarak. • Fungsikomunikasi non verbal bagipengirimpesan : a. Penggantipesan verbal b. Melengkapipesan verbal (misalgerak+suara)

  33. Komunikasi non verbal c. Membawaimpresitertentu (misal : sales mencitrakankepedulianpadapelanggan) d. Membawaperasaantersembunyi (misalmengatakanpujiantapi nada suaratidakmendukungpujianitu)

  34. Komunikasi non verbal • Fungsikomunikasi non verbal bagipenerimapesan : a. Memberiinformasitambahan b. Mempersepsisikap, kepribadianataukompetensisipengirimpesan.

  35. Alurkomunikasi • Kebawah, melaluihirarki yang berisiinstruksi, arahan, informasiprosedurkerja, kebijakanorganisasi, umpanbalikkinerja, informasibantuantenaga. • Keatas, melaluihirarki yang berisiinformasi yang diperlukanatasan, umpanbalikkeatas, keluhan, saran kepadaatasan • Sejajar, antarkolega. Dilakukanpada level yang samadalamorganisasi.

  36. Penghambatkomunikasi • Filtering, penyaringanmateripesan, terjadipada : - komunikasikebawah (mudahpaham, takutbocor) - komunikasikeatas (takutinformasijelekketahuan) - komunikasisejajar (adapersaingan)

  37. Penghambatkomunikasi • Censoring, kecenderunganpenghilanganinformasikepadapenerima, mungkinjugadiputuskantidakakandisampaikan. • Exaggeration, distorsiinformasi dg melebihkanperkiraan, meminimalisirfaktadsb

  38. JaringanKomunikasi Sentralisasi Rantai Y Roda

  39. JaringanKomunikasi Desentralisasi LingkaranSemuasaluran

  40. Formalitas Jalur Komunikasi Organigram / hirarki

  41. Formalitas Jalur Komunikasi Sosiogram / grapevine Mendasarkanpolapersahabatan, kebiasaandanefisiensi Sisinegatif : rumor (informasifaktualygbelumtentukebenarannya)

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