Ecosystems and Food Webs

2. What are the components in an ecosystem? Ecosystems and Food Webs

6. 10 MINUTES • I will come around to answer AND ask questions

7. Ecology and Life Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment • Ecology examines how organisms interact with their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight, temperature, moisture, and vital nutrients

8. Ecosphere or Biosphere • All earth's ecosystems • Ecosystem • Community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy • Community • Complex interacting network of plants, animals, and microorganisms • Habitat • Place where a population or individual organism naturally lives • Genetic Diversity • Populations that are dynamic groups that change in size, age distribution, density, and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions • Population • Group of interacting individuals of the same species that occupy a specific area at the same time

9. Community on human body

11. Type of Nutrients • Any atom, ion, or molecule an organism needs to live grow or reproduce • Ex: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, • nitrogen… etc • Nutrient • Macronutrient • nutrient that organisms need in large amount • Ex: phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, iron … etc • Micronutrient • nutrient that organism need in small amount • Ex: zinc, sodium, copper… etc

12. www.sws.uiuc.edu/nitro/biggraph.asp

13. Sun • Fireball of hydrogen (72%) and helium (28%) • Nuclear fusion • Sun has existed for 5 billion years • Sun will stay for another 5-6 billion years • Visible light that reaches troposphere is the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone

14. Solar Energy • 72% of solar energy warms the lands • 0.023% of solar energy is captured by green plants and bacteria • Powers the cycling of matter and weather system • Distributes heat and fresh water

15. www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ climch/clichgr1.htm

16. Living Organisms in Ecosystem Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment. • Ex: plant gets energy or food from sun

17. Photosynthesis • Producer transmit 1-5% of absorbed energy into chemical energy, which is stored in complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue

19. Chemosynthesis- • Bacteria can convert simple compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight • Ex: becomes consumed by tubeworms, clams, crabs • Bacteria can survive in great amount of heat

20. Consumers or Heterotrophs • Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains

21. Consumers • Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers • Feed directly on producers • Deer, goats, rabbits http://www.holidays.net/easter/bunny1.htm

22. Consumers • Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers • Feed only on primary consumer • Lion, Tiger

23. Consumers • Tertiary (higher-level) consumer • Feed only on other carnivores • Wolf

24. Consumers • Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals • Ex: pigs, humans, bears

25. Consumers • Scavengers- feed on dead organisms • Vultures, flies, crows, shark

26. Consumers • Detritivores- live off detritus • Detritus parts of dead organisms and wastes of living organisms. • Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris, and animal dung.

27. Consumers • Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organisms’ wastes and from dead organisms • Food sources for worms and insects • Biodegradable - can be broken down by decomposers

28. Range of Tolerance • The range of conditions that must be maintained for a population of a species to survive • Differences in genetic makeup, health, and age. • Ex: trout has to live in colder water than bass

29. Limiting Factor • too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population, even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance. • Ex: water, light, and soil • No water in the desert limit growth of plants • Ex: Farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor soil, even if water, nitrogen are in a optimum levels, corn will stop growing, after it uses up available phosphorus.

30. Dissolved Oxygen Content • Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure. • Limiting factor of aquatic ecosystem

31. What is the difference between limiting factor and range of tolerance • Limiting factors are biotic or abiotic factors that limit the growth of a species, while the range of tolerance defines the set of conditions in which an organism can survive. -

33. Homework • Learn about a specific ecosystem situation…. Be prepared to share out tomorrow!

34. Respiration • Aerobic Respiration • Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into carbon dioxide and water • Glucose + oxygen  Carbon dioxide + water + energy • Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation • Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen