Grammar in Use: Future, Past, and Modal Verb Tenses in Dentistry

1. Лекція № 2 Grammar in Use: Dentistry

2. • • To talk about a future happening or a future situation.

3. Future Simple • I/we • you / they +will + verb • he / she / it • I will sendyou a copy of the latest article on oral cancer as soon as I get it. • She will attendthe European Congress next year. • Dentistry will bevery different in a hundred years time.

4. • To say that we will be in the middle of something at a certain time in the future.

5. Future Continuous • Will be + gerund of the verb (verb +ing) • This time tomorrow morning hewill be attending the conference on medications and the CNS. • I will be examining this patient tomorrow at 3 p.m.  

6. • To say that something will already have the result before a certain time in the future.

7. Future Perfect • Will have + past participle of the verb. • I think the doctor willalreadyhave arrived by the time we begin the procedure. • Our doctorwill have consultedyou by the end of the week. • Youwill have receivedthe schedule by 5 o’clock.

9. Past Simple •  • To talk about actions or situations in the past (they have already finished): • I enjoyedthe course of Anatomy last term. • • To say that one thing happened after another: • Yesterday we had a terrible duty. • • To talk about happenings and actions that are not connected with the present (historical events): • Fleming discoveredpenicillin.

10. Past Simple • The simple past has the following forms: • • Affirmative: • The past of the regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive (treated). • The past of the irregular verbs has its own form (write – wrote). • • Negative: • Did/didn't + the base form of the verb. • • Questions: • ± Did I/you/. . . + the base form of the verb

11. To say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time.

12. Past Continuous • Was/were + gerund of the verb. • This time last year I was writing an article on lipid metabolism. • The doctor was examining the patient when the nurse entered the ward. • The dentist was measuring the depth of periodontal pocket at 6 o’clock yesterday. • When I entered the hospital, many patients were waitingin the corridor.

13. Past Perfect •  Shows an action that happened in the past before another past action.   • Had + past participle of the verb.

14. Past Perfect is used: •  • To say that something had already happened before something else happened: • When I arrived at the meeting, the chairman had already begun his presentation. • We use adverbial modifiers of time: by 5 o'clock, by the end of the year: • • He had sent his abstracts to the Congress by the 1st of June.

15. MODAL VERBS

16. MODAL VERBS • Overcrowding of teeth can cause dental caries and gingivitis. • Anomalies of bite can be hereditary. • Enamel hypocalcification may affect all teeth in the dentition. • The patient may leave the hospital. • The patient must follow the doctor’s prescription. • Dental diseases must be promptly diagnosed and treated at the early stages. • You should follow the doctor’s instructions.

17. Video: Pulpitis • In general, two damage mechanisms that may cause an inflammation of the pulp can be distinguished. • But a bone infection may also develop in the absence of bacteria. • Bacteria feed off the tissue residue and can multiply without hindrance. • An insufficient amount of immune cells may contribute to the development of an infectious reaction in the bone. • The “migrating bacteria” settle in places where they can escape the immune system.

18. Video: Pulpitis • Years later, a root canal sclerosis may lead to a root resorption. • If there is an infectious focus, a spreading of the bacteria may occur. • There may still be cell debris attached to the walls. • Sometimes, all these processes may occur simultaneously in a tooth. • One should also not forget that every patient experiences pain differently. • That is why every focus of infection should be treated irrespective of its developmental history.