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Ch. 14 Notes: Classification

Ch. 14 Notes: Classification. By: Brianna Shields February 4, 2006. Taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain. Biological Species Phylogeny Convergent Evolution Analogous Character Cladistics Ancestral Character Derived Character Cladogram

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Ch. 14 Notes: Classification

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  1. Ch. 14 Notes: Classification By: Brianna Shields February 4, 2006

  2. Taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Biological Species Phylogeny Convergent Evolution Analogous Character Cladistics Ancestral Character Derived Character Cladogram Evolutionary Systematics Phylogenetic Tree List the terms in your vocab notebook, leaving about 3-4 spaces between each term

  3. DO NOW • The evolution of mutant strains of bacteria that are not affected by normal medicines is known as? • What

  4. GOALS • Describe Linnaeus’s role in developing the modern system of naming organisms • Summarize the scientific system for naming a species • List the seven levels of biological classification • List the characteristics that biologists use to classify organisms • Summarize the biological species concept • Relate the analogous structures to convergent evolution • Describe how biologists use cladograms to determine evolutionary histories

  5. Taxonomy Science of naming and classifying organisms Classification

  6. Binomial Nomenclature Latin naming system Consists of two words Developed by Carl Linnaeus Known as the scientific name Classification

  7. Binomial Nomenclature First Word Genus (contains similar species) First letter capitalized Italicize or underline word Second Word Species (one kind of organism from a genus) Most basic form of classification Lowercase Italicize or underline word Classification

  8. Binomial Nomenclature Abbreviated form G. species Provides common scientific language because common names can differ across countries Classification

  9. Binomial Nomenclature When naming new species Name must be in latin No two organisms can have same name Many organisms can have same genus name, but not species name Ex: Homo sapien Homo erectus Classification

  10. Binomial Nomenclature Classifying organisms from general to specific Domain (3: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya) Kingdom (5) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Classification

  11. Classification of a Honey Bee • Kingdom: Metazoa((Animalia) multicellular animals) • Phylum:Arthropoda (arthropods) • Class: Insecta(true insects) • Order: Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps) • Family: Apidae (bumble bees, honey bees) • Genus:Apis • Species:Apis mellifera • Common Names: Honey Bee

  12. Biological Species Group of natural populations that can interbreed Are reproductively isolated from other groups Caused by a barrier between groups preventing them from breeding When barriers are incomplete, hybrids may be created when two species breed and produce fertile offspring Ex: Dog + Wolf gives rise to a dog-wolf hybrid Classification

  13. Earth’s Diversity 1.5 million described species 5-10 million undescribed species living in the tropics alone Classification

  14. Evolutionary History Phylogeny- evolutionary history that should be reflected in an organism’s classification Organisms should be classified by relatedness Using physical similarities to accomplish this can be misleading Ex: bird and insect wings- structures actually quite different, evolved separately Classification

  15. Convergent Evolution Similarities evolve in organisms that are not closely related to one another (may live in similar habitats) Analagous characters- similarities arising through convergent evolution Classification

  16. Cladistics Reconstructs evolutionary histories (phylogenies) by inferring relationships based on shared characters Attempts to sequence the order in which different organisms evolved Classification

  17. Ancestral Characters Evolved in a common ancestor of both groups Ex: backbone for birds and mammals Classification

  18. Derived Characters Evolved in an ancestor of one group, but not the other Ex: feathers- evolved in ancestor of bird, but not mammals Organisms with shared derived characters are more closely related than those with shared ancestral characters Classification

  19. Cladogram Branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Organisms sharing derived characters are grouped together Classification

  20. Evolutionary Systematics Looks at varying degrees of importance to characters Evolutionary relationships displayed on a phylogenetic tree Classification

  21. Assessment • Complete p. 25 and 27 from the Ch. 14 Biology Resource Book to review the classification material. We will go over the correct answers when you are finished • QUIZ: Complete the Ch. 12-13 Quiz to review the concept of evolution. We will correct this in class. • REVIEW GUIDE: Use the remainder of the period to work on your review guide questions.

  22. WEBSITES • Website One

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