Anatomical Terminology

1. Anatomical Terminology

2. Anatomical Position • Arms down by side • Palms up • Head and eyes forward • Legs parallel, feet together

3. Coronal/Sagittal/Transverse Planes Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) Transverse Plane (Axial Plane)

4. Coronal Plane aka Frontal Plane Vertical plane running from side to side Divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions

5. Sagittal Plane aka Lateral Plane vertical plane running from front to back Divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides

6. Transverse Plane aka Axial Plane Horizontal plane Divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts

7. Anterior/Posterior Anterior—to be situated near or toward the front of the body Posterior--to be situated toward the back of the body

8. Superior/InferiorCranial/Caudal • Superior—means to be situated toward the upper part or head of the body, positioned above another organ or structure • Inferior—to be situated toward the lower part of the body or positioned below another organ or structure • Cranial—refers to the head end • Caudal—refers to the tail end

9. Superior/InferiorCranial/Caudal

10. Medial/Lateral Medial—to be closer to the midline of the body or a structure, being internal as opposed to external Lateral—to be farther away, in the direction of either side, from the midline of the body or a structure

11. Proximal/Distal • Proximal: Toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part • Distal: Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a part

15. Avascular Without blood circulation

16. Ectopic Occurring in an abnormal position or place

17. Unilateral/Bilateral Unilateral—on one side Bilateral—on both sides

18. Acute/Chronic Acute—symptoms appear and change/worsen rapidly (heart attack) Chronic—develops and worsens over an extended period of time (atherosclerosis)

19. Ipsilateral/Contralateral Ipsilateral—on the same side as another structure i.e. the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg. Contralateral—on the opposite from another structure i.e. the left arm is contralateral to the right arm, or the right leg.

20. Superficial/Intermediate/Deep • Superficial—near the outer surface of the body • i.e. skin is superficial to the muscle layer • Intermediate—between two other structures • i.e. the naval is intermediate to (or intermediate between) the left arm and the contralateral (right) leg. • Deep—further away from the surface of the body • i.e. the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines.

21. Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity Dorsal Cavity

22. Thoracic Cavity Upper ventral, thoracic or chest cavity Contains: Heart Lungs Trachea Esophagus Large blood vessels Nerves Bound laterally by ribs and the diaphragm caudally

23. Abdominopelvic Cavity Lower part of ventral cavity Abdominal: Gastrointestinal tract Kidneys Adrenal glands Pelvic: Urogenital system Rectum

24. Dorsal Cavity Smaller of two main cavities Upper portion: Cranial cavity Brain Lower portion: Vertebral canal contains the spinal cord

25. Flexion/Extension

27. Abduction/Adduction • Abduction—moving a body part away from midline • Adduction—moving a body part toward the midline

28. Abduction/Adduction

29. Internal/External Rotation • Internal rotation—rotation towards the center of the body • aka medial rotation • External rotation—rotation away the center of the body • aka lateral rotation

30. Internal/External Rotation

31. Hip Internal Rotation

32. Hand: Dorsal/Plamar

33. Foot: Dorsal/Plantar

34. Supination/Pronation

35. Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion

36. Elevation/Depression

37. Inversion/Eversion

38. Superficial/Intermediate/Deep

39. Review Anatomic planes/position Distal Proximal Medial Lateral Superior Inferior Cranial Caudal Anterior Posterior Acute Chronic Pronation Supination Inversion Eversion Varus Valgus Avascular Ectopic