Presentation Transcript

1. History 311

   Constitutionalism & Limited Monarchy I
2. The Glorious Revolution 1688-89 Was It the First Modern Revolution? Revolution in Politics? Revolution in Foreign Policy? Revolution in Political Economy? Revolution in the Church?
3. Stuart Monarchy James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) Interregnum (1649-1660) Cromwell Charles II (1660-1685) James II (1685-1689) William (1689-1702) & Mary (1689-1694) Anne (1702-1714)
4. Mary Queen of Scots & Her Son James VI Execution of Mary Queen of Scots, 1588
5. Advocate of Divine Right Theory The Trew Law of Free Monarchies” Traditional Role of Parliament Religious Situation Anglican Catholic Puritan Financial Issues Selling of Monopolies Grant of Office James I of England James VI of Scotland 1566-1624
6. Arrest of Guy Fawkes in Gunpowder Plot, 1605
7. Charles I 1600-1649 r. 1624-1649 George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham
8. Struggle Between Crown and Parliament Charles I and Unpopular Foreign Policy High Church Reforms Archbishop Laud and William Wentworth Petition of Right of 1628 Kingdom in Crisis -- 1640 War with Scotland Short Parliament Long Parliament (1640-1653) Laud Impeached, Wentworth Executed Parliament Exerts is Position Charles Attempts to Purge Parliament - 1642
9. The English Civil War
10. Civil War, 1642-1649 Cromwell and “New Model Army” Battle of Naseby, 1645 Divisions between Presbyterians, Independents, and Levellers Purge of Parliament and Trial of the King Commonwealth Government Parliament Dissolved in 1652 Protectorate Government Cromwell as Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658
11. Execution of Charles I, 1649
12. Civil War, 1642-1649 Cromwell and “New Model Army” Battle of Naseby, 1645 Divisions between Presbyterians, Independents, and Levellers Purge of Parliament and Trial of the King Commonwealth Government Parliament Dissolved in 1652 Protectorate Government Cromwell as Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658
13. Restoration Monarchy Strong High Church and Catholic Sympathies Test Act 1673 Titus Oates and Popish Plot Development of Whigs and Tories in Parliament Efforts to Pass Exclusion Bill Charles II 1660-1685

14. History 311

    Constitutionalism & Limited Monarchy II
15. The Short Reign of James II Mary of Modena Second Wife of James II James II r. 1685-1688
16. Background to Glorious Revolution -- James II Constitutional Problem -- King vs Parliament Parliament Control of Purse Opposition to Standing Army Increasing dependence on Louis XIV Subsidy Religious Problem Declaration of Indulgence of 1672 Test Act of 1673 Titus Oates and the Exclusion Controversy Whigs vs Tories Monmouth’s Rebellion Judge Jeffrey’s “bloody assizes”
17. Background to Glorious Revolution -- James II The King’s Religion The Standing Army Issue Declaration of Indulgence Arrest of Seven Bishops & their acquittals Birth of James Edward Both parties invite William’s Intervention Motives of William of Orange War of the League of Augsburg Revocation of Edict of Nantes Louis XIV’s Position – Invasion of Rhineland 1688 November 1688 – William Invades England
18. Background to Glorious Revolution -- James II James Has Alienated both Whigs & Tories John Churchill Goes Over to William James Decides to Flee the Country The Rationalization Whigs – Tories
19. William and Mary Mary II r.1689-1994 William III r. 1689-1702
20. Revolution Settlement Constitutional Settlement Law stands above King and Parliament King, Lords and Commons can alter law King must govern with Parliament Triennial Act of 1694 Toleration Act Independence of Judiciary No Standing Armies with Parliament Consent

21. History 311

    Constitutionalism & Limited Monarchy III
22. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 Parliament invites William of Orange to Invade England James Flees the Country -- Parliament Declares the Throne Vacant William and Mary Established as Joint Monarchs Declaration of Rights and Bill of Rights Affirms Parliament’s Right to Make Laws & Levy Taxes Standing Armies Only to be Raised by Consent of Parliament Free Elections & Debates in Parliament Establishes the Foundation for a Constitutional Monarchy Toleration Act of 1689 (Catholics Excluded)
23. Last Stuart Monarch Anne of Great Britain r. 1702-1714
24. Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 The Leviathan, 1651 Rational Arguments in Support of Absolute Power
25. Historical Context: 17th Century England Parliament vs the Monarchy The Glorious Revolution Second Treatise of Government,: ”to establish the Throne of Our Great Restorer…to make good his Title, in the consent of the People.” John Locke 1632-1704
26. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690 Denies Innate Ideas Tabula rasa Sensation Reflection Lockean Epistemology Does for Human Mind What Newton Does for Universe John Locke 1632-1704
27. Locke on the Limits of Human Understanding It is of great use to the sailor to know the length of his line, though he cannot with it fathom all the depths of the ocean. It is well he knows that it is long enough to reach the bottom at such places as are necessary to direct his voyage, and caution him against shoals that may ruin him. Our business here is not to know all things, but those which concern our conduct. If we can find out those measures whereby a rational creature, put in that state which man is in this world, may and ought to govern his opinions and actions depending thereon, we need not be troubled that some other things escape our knowledge. (Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding)
28. Locke on Human Understanding Simple and Complex Ideas Simple Ideas: Ideas received by one sense: smell of a rose Ideas received by more than one sense: motion, rest, extension, figure Simple ideas of reflection: thinking, willing Ideas conveyed by all the ways of reflection and sensation: pleasure, pain, power, existence, unity
29. Locke on Human Understanding Complex Ideas: The mind actively frames complex ideas by using simple ideas as material Two or more simple ideas are combined to form one complex idea: e.g., beauty, man, army the universe “Knowledge then seems to me to be nothing but the perception of the connexion and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy, of any of our ideas.” Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding
30. John Locke and Modernity The State of Nature “Property” Indian land-use practices Locke’s theory of entitlement The Social Contract 1632-1704
31. Historical Context: 17th Century England Filmer on absolute monarchy: “God gave to Adam not only the dominion over the woman and the children, but also over the whole earth to subdue it, and over all the creatures on it, so that as long as Adam lived no man could claim or enjoy anything but by donation, assignation, or permission from him.” Locke on Political Authority: “The great Question which in all Ages has disturbed Mankind, and brought on them the greatest part of those Mischiefs which have ruin’d cities, depopulated Countries, and disordered the Peace of the World, has been, Not whether there be Power in the World, nor whence it came, but who should have it.” (First Treatise on Government)
32. Locke’s Social Contract Theory: Extends the reasoning of modern science to politics Use reason and empirical investigation Seek a foundation for knowledge Seek laws of nature Authority resides in the self
33. Social Contract Theory: Two Stage Model Pre-contract State of Nature Description of human nature; life outside of civil society Formulation of natural law Social contract: consensus to establish civil society Articulate extent of governmental authority
34. Imagining the New World/Interests in the New World “Thus in the beginning all the World was America” (John Locke, Second Treatise
35. Historical Context: British Colonization Interests in the Carolina colony Tensions regarding land and resources
36. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions….
37. Every one, as he is bound to preserve himself, and not to quit his station wilfully, so by the like reason, when his own preservation comes not in competition, ought he, as much as he can, to preserve the rest of mankind, and may not, unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away, or impair the life, or what tends to the preservation of the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another.
38. Locke’s State of Nature Governed by a law of nature Known by reason All are independent and equal Duty to preserve self, then others Occasional state of war
39. Property in the State of Nature: Basis for Economic Liberalism Property: a relationship of rights and duties between persons regarding things Locke: Property based on natural law Mixing one’s labor
40. Property in the State of Nature: Labor Theory of Value Waste Money
41. The Social Contract: Foundation for Political Liberalism Chief End: “the preservation of their property” By Consent: “The only way whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty and puts on the bonds of civil society is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community….” Role of majority rule
42. Forming Political Society:The Social Contract What is gained: “Established, settled, known law” “a known and indifferent judge” Power to enforce the law What is given up: Individual right to determine and punish violators of the law
43. Who are “independent and equal?” Women: “But the husband and wife, though they have but one common concern, yet having different understandings, will unavoidably sometimes have different wills too; it therefore being necessary, that the last determination, i.e., the rule, should be placed somewhere, it naturally falls to the man’s share as the abler and the stronger.” African slaves in the Carolina Colony: “Every freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his negro slaves, of what opinion or religion soever” (Fundamental Constitution of Carolina).
44. John Locke 1632-1704 A Letter Concerning Toleration, 1689,1690,1692 Laissez-faire liberalism in religion and politics Limitations of the human mind Political Dualism Civil & Ecclesiastical Realms
45. “…I esteem it above all things necessary to distinguish exactly the business of civil government from that of religion, and to settle the just bound that lie between the one and the other.” (Locke, Letter…, p. 82) “Civil interests I call life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things, such as money, lands, houses, furniture, and the like.” (Locke, Letter, p. 82) “…the whole jurisdiction of the magistrate reaches only to these civil concernments, and that all civil power, right, and dominion, is bounded and confined to the only care of promoting these things; and that it neither can nor ought in any manner to be extended to the salvation of souls…” (Locke, Letter, p. 82-83)
46. Conclusions Locke gives theoretical basis for modern political liberalism: Political authority resides in the individual Establishes the right to revolution Locke gives theoretical basis for modern economic liberalism Property rights reside in the individual The use of money justifies economic inequality Locke’s influence in America and the modern world--incalculable
47. A Story of Modernity: Political authority derives from the consent of the governed Jefferson’s Trinity Locke and the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution……
48. Intellectual Assumptions of Liberal Democracy Individual Rights – Life, Liberty and Property Equality before the Law Toleration Freedom of Speech Freedom of Press Freedom of Religion Freedom of Assembly Representative Government through Periodic Elections Emphasis upon Reason Cultural Relativism Theory of Progress