定语从句

1. 定语从句

2. 概念 • (1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。 • (2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。 • (3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。

3. 例如： 关系词 先行词 • This is the bookthat my father bought me yesterday.这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。 • The timewhen he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。 定语从句 先行词 关系词 定语从句

4. 引导词（关系词） • 常见的关联词有关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词where，when，why等。

5. 1．由that引导的定语从句 一般情况下that可指人或物，可以代替who，whom和which，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能作介词的宾语。 • 如： • The man that（who）is speaking at the meeting is our principal．正在会上讲话的那个人是我们校长。 • Is this the doctor that（whom）you talked about yesterday？这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗？ • The letter that（which）I received yesterday was from my father．昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。

6. 2．由who，whom和whose引导的定语从句 who(主格)在从句中作主语，whom(宾格)在从句中作宾语，whose(所有格)在从句中作定语。 如： • This is the thief who stole my bike．这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。 • He is the boy whom you wanted to find．他就是你想要找的那个男孩。 • The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside．妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。

7. 3．由which引导的定语从句 • which指物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。 • 如： 　 • The book which Mum bought me last week is called “Red Star Over China”．妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫《西行漫记》。 • The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum．鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。

8. 4．由where，when和why引导的定语从句 where在从句中作地点状语，when在从句中作时间状语，why在从句中作原因状语。 • 如： • I will never forget the day when I joined the League．我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。 • He will go back to the school where he studied next week．下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。 • I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin．我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。

9. 只能用that不能用which的情况 1 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时； 2 当被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one等不定代词时； 3 当先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few等修饰时； 4 当先行词里同时含有人和物时； 5 当主句是以who或which引导的特殊疑问句时; 6 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时 。

10. 例如： 1.He was the first personthat passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。（先行词被序数词修饰） 2.Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？（先行词是不定代词） 3.I can remember well the persons and picturesthat I saw in the room.我能清楚记得在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。（先行词同时含有人和物） 4.Who is the girlthat is crying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？（主句是以who引导的特殊疑问句） 5.This is the only examplethat I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。（先行词被the only 修饰） 6. China is not the countrythat it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。(country作is的表语)

11. 用which而不能用that的情况 1、当先行词为that,those时； What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？ 2、当关系代词前有介词时；例如： This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住地房间。 3、引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which。例如： He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like. 他得在星期天工作，他是不喜欢这样的。

12. Exercises

13. 1.This is the school ＿＿Mr.Smith once taught. A、in that B、which C、where D、there 2.Is this the factory ＿＿a lot of students visited yesterday. A、the once B、which C、who D、whom 3.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ＿＿family was poor. A、of whom B、whom C、of whose D、whose 4.This is the bag ＿＿my mother bought yesterday. A、that B、who C、whom D、this 5.Is this the shop＿＿sells children’s clothing? A.which B, where C.in which D.what

14. 6.Have you visited the house ＿＿the famous scientist was born? A、where B、in that C、that D、which 7.The film＿＿we saw the day before yesterday is very interesting. A、in that B、which C、whose D、who 8.The man ＿＿lives next to us is my English teacher. A、whom B、which C、who D、/ 9.The girl ＿＿you saw in the street is Mary. A、who B、whose C、which D、why 10.1949 was the year＿＿new China was born. A、that B、when C、what D、on that

15. 11.Mr Johnson’s son＿＿lives in Chicago is a doctor. A、who B、whom C、that D、which 12.I’ll never forget the years ＿＿I lives in the country with my parents and grandparents. A、that B、when C、which D、when 13.Will you show me the way to the only tall building＿＿stands near the post office? A、that B、when C、which D、when 14.The man ＿＿＿coat is green is our teacher. A、Who B、Whose C、Which D、What 15.The girl＿＿＿an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister. A、who is singing B、who are singing C、sang D、was singing

16. 虚拟语气

17. 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood) 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。 I: 最基本的虚拟语气句型:（if 条件句虚拟） 1. 与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 If places were alike, there would be little need for geographers.如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。 2.虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。If he had known your address yesterday, he would have telephoned you.

18. 3.虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should/could/ might +动词原形。 If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday。 4.有时虚拟条件句并没用if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without your help, I wouldn’t have achieved so much. But for （“要不是......”的意思）your help, I would not have succeeded.

19. II: 虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况: 1. 在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的动词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如 advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request. His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence. The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day. His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map. 2.在It is/was +形容词后的that 从句中用should的结构, should 可以省略. 这类形容词常见的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, important,natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.

20. 主动语态与被动语态

21. 一.语态种类： 主动语态和被动语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动词行为的发出者；被动语态表示主语是谓语动词行为的承受着。 He killed the animal. The animal was killed. 二. 被动语态的用法： 1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要指出如：Paper is made from wood. The house is quite old. It was built in 1950.

22. 2. 需要强调动作的承受者时如：Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away. 三.不同时态被动语态的构成 • 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词 • The question is settled. • 2. 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词 • This house was built in 1958. • 3.一般将来时：will be+ done • This book will be translated into several languages.

23. 4. 现在完成时：has /have been done This book has been translated (翻译) into many foreign languages. 5. 现在进行时：am/is /are being done A road is being built around the mountain. 6. 过去进行时：was/were being done Meeting was being held when I was there. 7. 过去完成时：had been done The boy had been taken away when I arrived there.

24. 动词不定式

25. 一.用法： 1. 不定式（短语）作主语 不定式作主语时既可位于句首，又可用先行词it作形式主语。不定式短语作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语，而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。To improve our teaching method is very important.It is very important to improve our teaching method. It would take some 100 workers a year’s time to complete the project.完成这项工程大约需要一百名工人一年的时间。

26. 2. 不定式（短语）作表语 His ambition is to become a successful scientist.My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 3. 不定式（短语)作动词宾语 afford 担负得起 agree 同意 arrange 安排 ask 要求 attempt 试图 begin 开始choose 愿意 continue继续 decide决定 expect期望 fail未能 forget忘记hesitate犹豫 hope希望 intend 企图 learn 学会 manage设法 plan 计划 prepare 准备 pretend假装 promise许诺 refuse拒绝 tend倾向于 wish 希望

27. 4.不定式做宾语补足语 （1）做ask, tell, want, allow, expect宾补 They asked me to wait a little. Please tell her to go there. (2) 做let, make, see, hear, watch, feel 等动词的宾补时，不定式不带”to”. Let me help you. I saw him leave the room. We often hear her sing.

28. 5.不定式做定语： Do you have anything to say? He was the last to come. There is nothing to worry about. 6. 不定式做状语（目的，结果，原因等） He came to borrow my bike.(目的） She is too young to go to school.(结果） In order to save the child, he dived into the river.

29. 二.不定式否定形式：not t 动词不定式 Tell him not to be late. I told him not to shut the window. 三. 不定式和疑问词连用 不定式和who, what, which, whether, when, how, where 连用，在句中作主语，宾语，表语。 How to get there is a question. I really don’t know what to do. Tell me when to leave. I can’t decide whether to answer her letter. The question is where to get the book.

30. 四.不定式复合结构：for + 名词（或代词宾格）+不定式 It is no use for us to go on. The first thing for us to do is to find out when the train arrives. I have brought the books for you to read. It is important for us to go there today. Unit 1 Part A A Payment Greater Than Money

31. 动名词

32. 一.动名词形式：动词原形词尾加ing. 二. 动名词用法： 1.作主语：Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. Talking is easier than doing. It’s no use/useless talking about it. It’s no good/good doing it. 2. 作宾语：（1）：介词宾语 They think of going there in the autumn. Thank you for helping me.

33. （2）动词宾语 Enjoy/ avoid/finish/mind/prevent/stop/suggest/can’t help/Feel like/ give up/ keep on/ put off/ insist on/ pay attention to/ look forward to/ get used to+ving Would you mind opening the window? Please return this book after you finish reading it. I enjoy travelling. 3. 作表语：His greatest pleasure is travelling. My job is teaching you English. 4.作定语：There is a swimming pool in our factory. Where is the dinning-car?

34. 三.动名词的否定形式： not+动名词 Do you mind not smoking here? 四. 动名词的完成式和被动式： （1）完成式：having+过去分词，表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 She regretted having missed the film. (2)被动式：being+过去分词。 I remember being taken to BJ when I was a child. He came in without being asked.

35. 五. 动名词复合结构： 物主代词或名词所有格+动名词。 Your going there won’t help him. ZhangHua’s coming surprised me. 六. 动名词和不定式作宾语比较：remember/forget/regret/stop I will always remember meeting you for the first time.(记得已经做了的事情） Remember to go to the post office. (记得要去做的事情）

36. I will never forget seeing your mother. Don’t forget to write to your mother. I must stop smoking. I stopped to smoke for a while.

37. 分词

38. 分词种类：现在分词----动词原形加词尾-ing：主动，进行分词种类：现在分词----动词原形加词尾-ing：主动，进行 • 过去分词----规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed：被动，完成 二. 分词用法： 1.作定语：如果是单个词放在名词前面；如果是分词短语，则放在名词后面。 The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. The man standing there is our group leader. A broken cup is lying on the ground. This is a factory built in 1950s.

39. 2.作表语： （已完全形容词化） The story sounds moving. The football match we watched was very exciting The cup is broken. They looked excited. 3. 作宾补：see, watch, hear, feel, smell, notice, find , discover, have, get, keep 等感官动词和使役动词接分词作宾补。 They kept the lights burning all night long. I must get my watch repaired. He is going to have his hair cut.

40. 注意：在see, hear, watch, feel等动词后，可用现在分词，也可接不带“to”的不定式，但意义有差别。 I saw her coming in. 我看见她正走进来。 I saw her come in. 我看见她进来了。 4.作状语：p137 当分词或分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语和主句主语要一致。 She sat there, reading a newspaper. Mother liu walked in the house, followed by her children. 三. 分词的否定形式：not + 分词构成 Not knowing how to do it, we asked him for help.

41. Not understanding the word, he asked the teacher to explain it to him once more. 四. 现在分词与过去分词区别： 1.语态上不同：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。 Who is the girl standing at the window? What is the language spoken in Australia? 2. 时间关系上不同：现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。 Boiling water/ boiled water Developing countries/ developed countries

42. 五. 现在分词的时态和语态： 语态 时态 （1）现在分词时态：一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时发生；完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 He hurried home, looking behind him as he went. (hurried 与 looking 同时发生） Having finished their work, they had a rest.

43. (2) 现在分词的被动语态：一般式和完成式 The large building being built over there will be a hospital. Having been refused by his father, the little boy turned to his mother to ask for money.