MCB 186 CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY Slides Lecture 1 September 20, 2006 J. W. Hastings

1. MCB 186CIRCADIAN BIOLOGYSlides Lecture 1 September 20, 2006J. W. Hastings

2. MOST ORGANISMS EXHIBITCIRCADIAN RHYTHMS CIRCA = ABOUT DIAN = ONE DAY RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN CONSTANT LIGHT

3. RHYTHM IN HUMAN: LD & LL

4. CIRCADIAN LEAF MOVEMENT RHYTHMS

5. THE FLOWER CLOCK

6. The clock controls an overt rhythm in developmental potential in Neurospora. movie courtesy of Van Gooch

7. From: Liu et al., 1995

8. NIGHT HAULING by ANDREW WYETH showing BIOLUMINESCENCE

9. DINOFLAGELLATE BIOLUMINESCENCE(Hastings’Lab)

10. DINOFLAGELLATE FLASH and GLOW BIOLUMINESCENCEand its CIRCADIAN EXPRESSION scale: ~ 24 hours peak to peak

11. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM of LUMINESCENCE: top, LD; below, LL

12. GONYAULAX PEAK TIMES OF GLOW UNDER ENTRAINED AND FREE RUNNING CONDITIONS

13. Academic Press, New York, 1970 View 1: Environmental signals detected by organisms Provide information on time of day View 2: Organisms have internal biological clocks

14. THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK POSTULATED CELLULAR MECHANISMRESPONSIBLE FOR DAILY RHYTHMS CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS CIRCADIAN CLOCK To be circadian it must be under constant conditions CIRCA-: ABOUT -DIAN: ONE DAY Other circa- periodicities CIRCALUNAR: ~MONTHLY CIRCANNUAL: ~YEARLY

15. RHYTHM IN HUMAN: LD & LL

16. Glossary of terms- see web siteRaster Plots:- Single, double, triple etc.- Modulo tau

17. BIOLOGICAL CYCLES SHORTER (ULTRA) & LONGER(INFRA) THAN CIRCADIAN

18. 2001 Murray et al. J. Bacteriol. ~44 min/cycle YEAST ULTRADIAN OSCILLATION DISSOLVED OXYGEN

19. GOLDEN MANTLED SQUIRRELS - CIRCANNUAL RHYTHMS OF HIBERNATION

20. ANNUAL RHYTHM: DINOFLAGELLATE CYST GERMINATIONAlexandrium fundyense PATRICIA MATRAI, UNPUBL, 2003

21. MENSTRUAL PERIODS (FOUR BIRTHS; WINFREE, 1980)

22. FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCKOrigin and Evolution of Circadian Rhythms TIME ACTIVITIES TO CERTAIN TIMES OF DAY OR NIGHT - Insect eclosion, Drosophila (temperature compensation) - Plant rhythms, flower openings, bee visitations - Cyanobacteria, photosynthesis by day, nitrogen fixation by night CELESTIAL NAVIGATION - Animal migration, sun compass; knowledge of time of day required PHOTOPERIODISM: MEASURE DURATION OF DAY AND NIGHT - Plant rhythms: seasonal flowering, spring summer or fall - Animal seasonal reproduction; hamster only once per year

23. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - KEY PROPERTIES RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN THE ABSENCE OF LIGHT/DARK CYCLES WITH PERIODS CLOSE TO BUT NOT EXACTLY 24Hexact period length is a function of environmental conditions PERIOD IS TEMPERATURE “COMPENSATED”; ABOUT 24 HRAT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES not temperature independent PHASE can be RESET by LIGHT: ENTRAINED or SYNCHRONIZED to DAILY LIGHT / DARK or OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES resetting does not need cycles: single exposures or pulses suffice

24. FIRST RASTER PLOT MOUSE ACTIVITY

25. DECOURSEY, 1961

26. CIRCADIAN PERIOD VALUES WITHIN & ACROSS SPECIES

27. EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON TAU MENAKER, 1969

28. EFFECT OF INTENSITY OF WHITE LIGHT ON CIRCADIAN PERIOD

29. GONYAULAX EFFECT OF INTENSITY & COLOR ON TAU

30. MOUSE: AFTER-EFFECTS ON PERIOD AFTER ENTRAINMENT TO 20 hour DAYS (T-20) PITTENDRIGH & DAAN

31. MOUSE: AFTER-EFFECTS ON PERIOD AFTER ENTRAINMENT TO 28 hour DAYS (T-28) PITTENDRIGH & DAAN

32. MOUSE: AFTER EFFECTS ON PERIOD PITTENDRIGH & DAAN

33. EFFECT OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITORS ON PERIOD

34. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - KEY PROPERTIES RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN ABSENCE OF LIGHT / DARK CYCLESWITH PERIODS CLOSE TO BUT NOT EXACTLY 24 HOURSexact period length is a function of environmental conditions PERIOD is TEMPERATURE “COMPENSATED”; ABOUT- BUT NOT EXACTLY - 24h at DIFFERENT TEMPERATURESnot temperature independent PHASE can be RESET by LIGHT: ENTRAINED or SYNCHRONIZED to DAILY LIGHT / DARK or OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES resetting does not need cycles: single exposures or pulses suffice

35. TEMPERATURE HAS ONLY SMALL EFFECT ON PERIOD

36. PHOTOACCUMULATION IN EUGLENA Bruce & PIttendrigh,1956

37. GONYAULAX TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION

38. TEMPERATURE-COMPENSATED CIRCADIAN PERIOD IN VARIOUS ORGANISMS

39. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - KEY PROPERTIES RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN ABSENCE OF LIGHT / DARK CYCLESWITH PERIODS CLOSE TO BUT NOT EXACTLY 24 HOURSexact period length is a function of environmental conditions PERIOD IS TEMPERATURE “COMPENSATED”; ABOUT 24 HRAT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES not temperature independent PHASE can be RESET by LIGHT: RHYTHMS ENTRAINED or SYNCHRONIZED to DAILY ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLESresetting does not need cycles: single exposures or pulses suffice

40. HUMAN CIRCADIAN ENTRAINMENT

41. control GONYAULAX RE-ENTRAINMENT TO A DIFFERENT PHASEHASTINGS, 1958

42. control RESETTING GONYAULAX TO A NEW PHASE HASTINGS 1958

43. Cyanobacterial in vivo Rhythm with Bacterial Luciferase as a Reporter Luminescence Kondo, Johnson Golden et al., 1993, PNAS

44. Turntable Screening Apparatus: 12 positions for petri dishes or titer plates

45. Screen Display–CCD Turntable Apparatus

46. ENTRAINMENT BY LIGHT-DARK CYCLE IN MONKEY MOORE-EDE ETAL

47. MASKING BY TEMP CYCLE- FLYING SQUIRREL DE COURSEY

48. GONYAULAX ENTRAINMENT by 14 HR LD CYCLES, then DD or LL

49. ENTRAINMENT by DIFFERENT LIGHT/DARK CYCLES and EFFECT of LIGHT INTENSITY on LIMITS of ENTRAINMENT

50. Schematic depiction of entrainment by light cycles: T constant, Tau differentTau - T = phase shift