III Semin rio Internacional Ideal Work Uniformes e EPIs 11 2188-0500 idealwork.br

1. III Seminário Internacional Ideal Work Uniformes e EPIs (11) 2188-0500 www.idealwork.com.br

3. Arc Flash Events Arc temp can reach 35,000 F Fatal burns can occur at >10 feet Majority of hospital admissions due to electrical accidents are from arc flash burns, not from shock Over 2000 people admitted to burn centers yearly with severe arc flash burns

4. Arc Energy Basics Exposure energy expressed in cal/cm2 ½ to 1 cal/cm2 = hottest part of lighter in 1 sec An exposure of only 1-2 calories will cause second degree burn on human skin Typical non-FR workwear can ignite @4-5cals Arcs typically release 5-30 cals, and energies of 30-60 cals are not uncommon

5. HRC 2 Arc with FRC

6. What Is a Burn? A chemical process which progressively injures skin; severity relates to depth 1st : redness, pain – not permanent 2nd: blistering – skin will regenerate 3rd: total skin depth destroyed. Will not regenerate – requires grafting 4th : Underlying muscle damaged

7. The Bottom Line Accidents happen “Street Clothing” can and does worsen injury One can’t do anything about one’s age -BUT-

8. 70E HRC 2 Arc Flash (480v)

9. Arc Flash Incident – Chicago April 18, 2004

10. Burn Injury Burn treatment requires approx. 1.5 days hospitalization per % burn Average hospitalization is 19 days, at costs exceeding $18,000/day Total hospitalization cost typically ranges from $200,000 to $750,000, with many over $1,000,000 USD

11. Engineered Flame Resistant Fabrics Natural fibers Synthetic fibers Natural / synthetic blends Flame resistance must be durable to launderings, wear, the environment, etc. for the service life of the garment Look for proven products!

12. The 70E Solution Many routes, can seem intimidating, which can slow down implementation National trend is single layer HRC 2 daily wear and HRC 4 flash gear (Annex H) Don’t delay critical steps

13. Expected 70E Revisions Highly likely but NOT guaranteed yet: Cat 0 cut from < 2cals to < 1.2cals Cat 1 requires FR pants Cat 2 and higher will disallow use of non-FR underlayers toward system arc rating; garment must have an ATPV to count Cat 2* will allow balaclava/faceshield instead of hood

14. Sample Industrial Calculation Conditions 18,000 available fault current 480 Volts 2 inch gap 14 inches away 10 cycle arc (1/6 of a second) Results Duke HFC returns 3.84 cal/cm2

15. Sample Industrial Calculation Conditions 18,000 available fault current 480 Volts 2 inch gap 10 inches away 10 cycle arc (1/6 of a second) Results Duke HFC returns 7.89 cal/cm2

16. Arc Rating ASTM F1959 Test Method Defines Fabric Performance in Electrical Arc Flash ATPV – Incident energy (cal/cm2) that results in 50% likelihood of onset of 2nd degree burn under fabric

17. ASTM F1959 Testing Fabric panels are subjected to electric arcs Calorimeters measure heat transfer through fabric Voltage, amperage, gap and distance are held constant Duration (cycles) are varied to achieve higher and lower energies

18. ASTM F1959 – Logistic Regression

19. Comparative Analysis for Shirting Fabrics

20. Comparative Analysis for Pant/Jacket/Coverall Fabrics

21. Proper Use FRC should be appropriate to hazard Always the outermost layer Worn correctly; zipped, buttoned, etc All natural, non-melting undergarments Clean, no flammable contaminants Repaired correctly and removed from service when needed

23. FIRE Vs ARC

24. Flash Fire Defined Two North American Standards bodies have defined: NFPA & CGBS Flash Fire : An unplanned exposure to flash fire (diffuse fuel, air, & ignition source yielding a rapidly moving flame front of about 84kW or 2 cal/cm2) for relatively short durations, typically 3 seconds or less. - NFPA 2113 - CAN/CGSB 155.20 - CAPP*

25. Hazards of Conventional Work Clothing Employees may be wearing 65/35 poly-cotton blends or 100% cotton in certain areas Non-flame resistant fabrics can burn and melt, increasing both extent and severity of burn injury

26. Why is FR Needed? Most severe burn energies and fatalities are caused by non-flame resistant clothing igniting and continuing to burn Flame resistant clothing will self-extinguish, thus limiting the injury Body area under non-FR clothing is often burned more severely than exposed skin

27. Flame Resistant/Flame Retardant Flame retardants are additives that inhibit sustained combustion Flame resistant is the characteristic of not supporting combustion in air, as defined by ASTM D6413: 2 second after burn 2 second after glow 4 inch char length

28. ASTM F1930 Testing Standardized size 42 regular coverall Heat flux of 2 cal/cm2/sec Controlled duration Data collected for 60 seconds

29. NFPA 2112 Certification Garments and components must be certified by a third party (i.e. Underwriters Laboratories) Annual inspection and testing of materials and components Annual audit of quality system

30. Presentation of Data Desirable test protocol should include: -Independent laboratory testing -Full compliance with ASTM F1930 -Full compliance with NFPA 2112 -Data throughout NFPA flash fire range -Use of standardized, commercially relevant garments - Data from inception of burn to failure is preferred

31. Westex U of A Test Protocol Commercially available garments Off the shelf sourcing Independent University laboratory Full ASTM 1930 standards Full NFPA 2112 standards All data presented Whole curve published, from inception of body burn under garment through failure

32. Such Testing Is… Unbiased Accurate Scientific Repeatable Verifiable

33. 2112 Body Burn (Nomex IIIA)

34. 2112 Body Burn (Nomex/Rayon)

35. 2112 Body Burn (UltraSoft)

36. Thermal Degradation Issues

37. NFPA 2112 Standard: Test Data

38. Pant / Coverall Weight Fabrics

39. Shirt / Tropical Coverall Weight Fabrics

40. All Weights

41. Pant / Coverall Weight Fabrics

42. Injury under garment Seconds UltraSoft 9 7 Nomex IIIA 1.5 0% 0% 0% 2 0% 0% 9% 2.5 0% 0% 21% 3 1% 19% 28% 3.5 12% 33% 35% 4 35% 42% *Derived by subtracting 7% for head; actual results may vary +/- 2%

43. PPE Appropriate to Hazard? Some fabrics OK for flash fire, arc, but not molten metal or welding Some fabrics OK for all four hazards Some fabrics used in arc not appropriate for flash fire

44. Laundering FRC Can be home, industrial or dry cleaned FR properties will NOT be washed out or worn off over time or use Bleach will degrade FR fabrics Fabric softeners can be flammable

45. Proper Use FRC should be appropriate to hazard Always the outermost layer Worn correctly; zipped, buttoned, etc All natural, non-melting undergarments Clean, no flammable contaminants Repaired correctly and removed from service when needed

46. Keys to Choosing a Successful Program