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Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct? Psychometric Findings from 22 Cultures Ralf Schwarzer & Urte Schol

Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct? Psychometric Findings from 22 Cultures Ralf Schwarzer & Urte Scholz Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.

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Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct? Psychometric Findings from 22 Cultures Ralf Schwarzer & Urte Schol

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  1. Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct? Psychometric Findings from 22 Cultures Ralf Schwarzer & Urte Scholz Freie Universität Berlin, Germany

  2. Perceived Self-Efficacy is the belief that one can perform a novel or difficult task, or cope with adversity -- in various domains of human functioning

  3. Perceived Self-Efficacy • FACILITATES: • GOAL SETTING • EFFORT INVESTMENT • PERSISTANCE IN FACE OF BARRIERS • RECOVERY FROM SETBACKS

  4. General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale Ralf Schwarzer & Matthias Jerusalem (1995) Examples: I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough. Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations. If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution. I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.

  5. The General Perceived Self-Efficacy ScaleSource of the English Version: Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON. The full 10-item scale can be copied from the web http://www.healthpsych.de

  6. The Samples

  7. Frequency Distribution broken down by Nation

  8. Age Distribution

  9. Mean Age per Nation (N = 13,461)

  10. Distribution of Self-Efficacy Sum Scores for the Total Sample (N= 17,553)

  11. Reliability

  12. Scale Reliabilities (Cronbach’s ) for all Nations

  13. Unidimensionality

  14. 1.00 GSE .40 .50 .56 .56 .47 .48 .53 .37 .55 .50 SE1 SE2 SE3 SE4 SE5 SE6 SE7 SE8 SE9 SE10 .43 .55 .50 .36 .30 .43 .36 .38 .31 .38 Unidimensionality of the General Perceived Self-Efficacy Construct

  15. Group Differences

  16. Mean Sum Scores Broken Down by Nation

  17. Mean Sum Scores Broken Down by Nations and Gender

  18. Validity

  19. Self-Efficacy Sum Score of German Teachers (N = 302) Proactive Coping .55 Self-Regulation .58 Procrastination -.56 Emotional Exhaustion -.47 Depersonalisation -.44 Lack of Accomplishment -.75 Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs

  20. Self-Efficacy Sum Score of Costa Ricans Women (N = 393) Men (N = 258) Anxiety -.43 -.42 Depression -.46 -.33 Optimism .60 .52 Expected Social Support .43 .30 Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs

  21. CONCLUSIONS The Self-Efficacy Scale Is Reliable And Unidimensional Across Cultures. www.healthpsych.de

  22. References Schwarzer, R. (Ed.) (1992). Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere. Schwarzer, R. & Born, A. (1997). Optimistic self-beliefs: Assessment of general perceived self-efficacy in thirteen cultures. World Psychology, 3, 177-190. Schwarzer, R., Bäßler, J., Kwiatek, P., Schröder, K., & Zhang, J. X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the General Self-Efficacy scale. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 69-88. Schwarzer, R., Born, A., Iwawaki, S., Lee, Y.-M., Saito, E., & Yue, X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese and Korean versions of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 40, 1-13. Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON. Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (Eds.) (1999). Skalen zur Erfassung von Lehrer- und Schülermerkmalen. Dokumentation der psychometrischen Verfahren im Rahmen der Wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellversuchs Selbstwirksame Schulen [Scales for the assessment of teacher and student characteristics.] Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität Berlin. Schwarzer, R., Mueller, J., & Greenglass, E. (1999). Assessment of perceived general self-efficacy on the Internet: Data collection in cyberspace. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12, 145-161. Schwarzer, R., Schmitz, G. S. & Tang, C. (2000). Teacher burnout in Hong Kong and Germany: A cross-cultural validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 309-326. Zhang, J. X. & Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia, 38, 174-181.

  23. Source of this Presentation: Scholz, U., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18, No. 3, 242-251.

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