Malcolm Knowles: The assumptions Of Andragogy Jan Tinner-Hudgins Walden University July 25, 2010

1. Malcolm Knowles: The assumptions Of Andragogy Jan Tinner-Hudgins Walden University July 25, 2010

2. Objectives • Participants will be able to define Andragogy. • Participants will be able to identify two of the six assumptions through discussion • Participants will be able to address at least three situations adult education might be. standard protocol.

3. Brief History of U. S. Education • 1635 – Boston Latin School • 1638 - Harvard University • 1642 – Massachusetts Bay Colony established compulsory education • 1640s-1650s – Other colonies followed suit and made compulsory education laws • Special Considerations • Gender • Race • Social status

4. 21st Century Educational Expectations • High School • Undergraduate • Graduate • Adult Basic Education

5. Malcolm Knowles Malcolm Knowles was a successful adult educator for over 20 years. His interest in adult education led to the six assumptions that became the theoretical framework for what he introduced as Andragogy.

6. What does Andragogy mean? • Andragogy: the art and science of helping adults to learn (1968). • Six assumptions were originally put forth for Andragogy by Knowles.

7. Andragogy Assumptions • Self-concept and Self-direction • Accumulated experience as a learning resource • Readiness to learn • Problem based application vs. Subject based knowledge application • Internal motivation vs. external motivation • Adults need to know why they are learning

8. Assumption One • Self concept and self-direction journey begins at school age, continues through adolescence and fully emerges at young adulthood. • Erikson’s human development: Young adulthood and Generativity vs. stagnation

9. Assumption Two • Accumulated Experience as a learning resource for adults. • Human development according to Erikson: • Young adulthood Intimacy & Solidarity vs. Isolation • Middle adulthood-Generativity vs. Stagnation • Late adulthood-Integrity vs. Despair

10. Assumption Three • Readiness to learn and social development to adults • Young adulthood • Middle adulthood • Late adulthood

11. Assumption Three Examples • Jenny has just finished high school. She does not want to marry or join the army, but wants to be a part of something so she decides to go to college. (young adult) • Mary was a nursing assistant for five years. She is now 25 and needs to earn more money. She decides to go to nursing school. • Bill is 35 and wants to become the manager of his division, he decides to earn a degree in management. (middle to late adulthood)

12. Assumption Four • Problem based vs. subject based or future knowledge application vs. immediate knowledge application • Middle adulthood • Late adulthood

13. Assumption Four Example • Mary is 37, divorced, the mother of two, and the director of a non-profit organization called “Literacy for Life”. She has a Master’s in Education and her chapter of the organization was extremely successful under her leadership; she has now been asked to use her expertise by becoming state wide trainer for directors of other chapters. She will be required to have four training courses for the position.

14. Assumption Five • Internal motivation vs. External motivation Motivation is the internal state that arouses us to action. Motivation can be internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) (Ormrod, 2008, p. 489).

15. Internal Motivation • Internal motivation in adults may occur at any human development stage: • Young adulthood-Intimacy vs. isolation • Middle adulthood-Generativity vs. stagnation • Late adulthood-Integrity vs. despair

16. Internal Motivation • Example:When John was in high school he wanted to be accepted into a college with premed courses; so he was an A student. He worked hard in college to be accepted in medical school. All of his life he was interested in the human brain. He worked hard to become a brain surgeon. Late in his career he opened his own clinic, a lifelong dream.

17. External Motivation • Example:Mary works for the early childhood development center. She hates mandatory in-service training but she is dependent upon her pay check so she attends. After a few years on her job she bought a new car, she hated working weekends, but she needed to pay for the car. After years on the job she retired, but enjoyed a “high maintenance” life style so she continued to work the allotted number of hours that would not conflict with retirement.

18. Assumption Six • Why do I need to learn this? The question that all adults ask in relationship to learning as an adult.

19. Andragogy and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs 1 Self Actualization Needs(full potential) – middle to late adulthood 2 Esteem Needs – all stages of human development(self respect, personal worth, autonomy) –young adults 3 Love and Belongingness Needs(love, friendship, comradeship) – all stages – young adults 4 Safety Needs(security; protection from harm) – all stages 5 Physiological Needs- all stages of human development(food, sleep, stimulation, activity)

20. Opposing Points of View • Elias (1979) – Was it a theory, assumptions, or concepts? • Davenport (1985) – Could it be considered a theory? • Hartree – (1984) Was it a learning or teaching theory? • Brookfield (1986) – Was it a proven theory?

21. Summary

22. Questions and Discussion jan.tinner-hudgins@waldenu.edu jantinner@yahoo.com Contact Information: 432 553-2921 http://groups.google.com/group/jantinner-hudgins/topics http://jan-hudgins.wikispaces.com/Discussion http://groups.diigo.com/group/group-d_jantinner_hudgins

23. References American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Erikson’s stages of development. (n. d.). Retrieved from http://learning-theories.com/ericksons-stages-of-development.html . Knowles, M. S. (1978). Andragogy: Adult theory in perspective. College Review 5(9), 9-20. Knowles, M. (1973). The adult learner: A neglected species. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company. Lohman, D. F. (1989). Human intelligence: An introduction to advances in theory and research. Review of Educational Research 59, 333-373. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. (n. d.) . Retrieved from http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm . Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., & Baumgartner, L. M. (2007). Knowles’s andragogy and models of adult learning by McClusky, Illeris, and Jarvis. Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.), (pp. 83-104). Ormrod, J. E. (2009). Motivation and affect. In J. W. Johnson & S. N. Kenoyer (Eds.), Hunan Learning (5th ed.), (pp. 451-490).