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DNA Technology and Genomics

DNA Technology and Genomics. Genetic Engineering/ DNA Technology. 3 types of Cloning Technologies: Recombinant DNA Technology/ DNA Cloning 2. Reproductive Cloning 3. Therapeutic Cloning. Cloning the bovine growth hormone (BGH) gene. Recombinant DNA Technology/ DNA Cloning. Cloning a Gene.

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DNA Technology and Genomics

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  1. DNA Technology and Genomics

  2. Genetic Engineering/ DNA Technology • 3 types of Cloning Technologies: • Recombinant DNA Technology/ DNA Cloning • 2. Reproductive Cloning • 3. Therapeutic Cloning

  3. Cloning the bovine growth hormone (BGH) gene

  4. Recombinant DNA Technology/ DNA Cloning

  5. Cloning a Gene • Cloning means making many copies of a gene

  6. Recombinant DNA Technology/DNA Cloning 1. Remove the Gene of Interest 2. Cut the Plasmid DNA 3. Insert the Gene into the Bacterial Plasmid 4. Insert the Recombined Plasmid into the Bacterial Cell 5. Let the Bacteria Reproduce

  7. 1. Remove the gene of interest (ex: BGH gene) using restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences called palindromes . . .

  8. Restriction Enzymes Leave “Sticky Ends”

  9. Restriction Enzymes • The unpaired bases on the sticky ends form bonds with any complementary bases with which they come into contact

  10. 2. Cut the Plasmid DNA with the Same Restriction Enzyme

  11. 3. Insert the Gene of Interest into the Bacterial Plasmid (The bacterial plasmid is also cut with the restriction enzyme, leaving sticky ends)

  12. 4. Insert the Recombined Plasmid into a Bacterial Cell

  13. 5. Let the Bacteria Reproduce

  14. Other Proteins Made by DNA Cloning: • Insulin for diabetics • Clotting factors for hemophiliacs

  15. Basic Versus Applied Research Basic research • no profit motive or direct commercial application – generally government funded Applied research • immediate and profitable application – generally privately funded

  16. Reproductive Cloning/Cloning Entire Organisms

  17. Reproductive Cloning • Technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another curretly or previously existing animal

  18. Steps in Nuclear Transfer

  19. Steps in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

  20. Results of Nuclear Transfer Experiments There were 277 failures before this nuclear transfer technique succeeded;

  21. Reproductive Cloning Dolly was successfully born in 1997

  22. Reproductive Cloning • Dolly was put to sleep at the age of 6 in 2003 • She was suffering from arthritis and a progressive lung disease • These are usually only seen in old sheep

  23. Other Organisms Reproductively Cloned Mouse Cow Goat Mule Horse Rabbit Cat Pig Dog Rat Deer

  24. Why Do Reproductive Cloning?

  25. Have We Reproductively Cloned Humans?

  26. Opposition and Support of Human Cloning

  27. What do YOU think?

  28. Therapeutic Cloning/ Embryo Cloning • Instead of cloning entire organisms, there is therapeutic cloning • Stem cells are induced to turn into specific tissue cells

  29. Therapeutic Cloning

  30. The Human Genome Project Sequenced the entire human genome

  31. Goals of The Human Genome Project

  32. Organisms With Genome Sequenced Fruit Fly Potato Zebra fish Rhesus Macaque

  33. Many organisms have genome projects that have either been completed or will be completed shortly, including • : • Humans • Neanderthal • Haemophilus influenzae, a bacterium • Common House Mouse • Brown Rat • Common Chimpanzee • Rhesus Monkey • Domestic Chicken • Domestic Cat • Domestic Dog • Common fruit fly • Baker's yeast

  34. Many organisms have genome projects that have either been completed or will be completed shortly, including • Red bread mold, • Thale Cress • Rice • Common Wheat • Corn • Poplar Tree • E. coli bacteria • SARS virus • Nematode worm • Zebra fish • Tomato • Potato • Western Honey Bee • Grapevine • Spanish flu virus

  35. The Human Genome Project • These were used as model organisms in genetic studies • These model organisms contain genes that are the same as human genes

  36. Gene Testing

  37. DNA Chips

  38. Pros and Cons of Gene Testing

  39. Gene Therapy • Once the genetics are worked out, gene therapy can be researched • Replacing defective genes with functional ones • Germ linegene therapy in embryos • Somatic cell gene therapy in individual somatic cells in affected tissues

  40. Gene Therapy • Germ Line Gene Therapy • Somatic Cell Gene Therapy

  41. Gene Therapy • Non disease causing virus is genetically engineered with the functioning gene that is needed in SCID patients • The virus infects the immune cells and the immune cells get the functioning gene

  42. Gene Therapy

  43. Gene Therapy • Treatment for SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) • Gene therapy in cells of the immune system

  44. Somatic Gene Therapy • is not widely used • Is only for single gene disorders with cells that can be removed, engineered and then replaced in the body

  45. Somatic Gene Therapy • The condition may still be passed to offspring, because somatic cell gene therapy does not treat all the cells in the body

  46. Setbacks to Gene Therapy

  47. Treat Cancer2. Gene Therapy to treat inherited form of blindness is successful! Recent Successes in Gene Therapy

  48. Genetically Modified Crop Plants

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