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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. How Hardware and Software Work Together. You Will Learn…. About operating systems, what they are, and what they do How an OS interfaces with users, applications, and hardware How system resources help hardware and software communicate. Introducing Operating Systems.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 How Hardware and Software Work Together

  2. You Will Learn… • About operating systems, what they are, and what they do • How an OS interfaces with users, applications, and hardware • How system resources help hardware and software communicate A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  3. Introducing Operating Systems • Software that controls a computer • Acts as a middleman between applications and hardware • Two main internal components • Shell (User Interface) • Kernel (Central Module) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  4. Introducing Operating Systems (continued) • Shell • The outermost layer of a program. Shell is another term for user interface. Operating systems and applications sometimes provide an alternative shell to make interaction with the program easier. • For example, if the application is usually command driven, the shell might be a menu-driven system that translates the user's selections into the appropriate commands. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  5. Introducing Operating Systems (continued) • Kernel • The central module of an operating system. It is the part of the operating system that loads first, and it remains in main memory. Because it stays in memory, it is important for the kernel to be as small as possible while still providing all the essential services required by other parts of the operating system and applications. • Typically, the kernel is responsible for memory management, process and task management, and disk management. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  6. OS as a Middleman A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  7. The Shell and the Kernel A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  8. Common Operating Systems • DOS • Windows 9x • Windows NT, Windows 2000, andWindows XP • Unix • Linux • OS/2 • Mac OS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  9. What an Operating System Does • Provides user interface • Stores, retrieves, and manipulates files and folders • Manages applications • Manages hardware A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  10. How an OS Provides a User Interface • Command-driven interfaces • Programs and operating systems that accept commands in the form of special words or letters. More flexible than menu & icon driven interfaces • Menu-driven interfaces • Programs that allow you to choose from a list of options in a menu • Icon-driven interfaces • Programs and operating systems that accept commands in the form of icons. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  11. A Command-Driven Interface A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  12. A Menu-Driven Interface A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  13. An Icon-Driven Interface A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  14. How an OS Manages Files and Folders • Uses file system (FAT or NTFS) to track how clusters are used for each stored file • Uses directories, subdirectories, and files • Uses partitions and logical drives on hard drive A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  15. Tracks, Sectors, and Clusters A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  16. Files and Directories A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  17. Partitions and Logical Drives A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  18. How an OS Manages Applications • Provides access to hardware resources • Manages data in memory and in secondary storage • Performs other background tasks A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  19. Loading Application Software Using the Windows Desktop • Shortcut icon • Start menu • Run command • Windows Explorer or My Computer A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  20. Using a Shortcut Icon to Load Software A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  21. Real and Protected Operating Modes • Real (16-bit) operating mode • CPU processes 16 bits of data at one time • Software has “real” access to hardware • Protected (32-bit) operating mode • CPU processes 32 bits of data at one time • More than one program can be running, each one “protected” from others • Uses preemptive multitasking A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  22. 16-Bit and 32-Bit Software • 16-bit software • Written for Windows 3.x • Accesses data 16 bits at a time • Programs should not infringe on resources of other programs that are running • 32-bit software • Written for Windows 95 and later Windows OSs A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  23. How an OS Manages Hardware • Uses device drivers or the BIOS (system BIOS, startup BIOS, or CMOS setup) to interface with hardware • Trend is to manage devices with device drivers rather than BIOS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  24. How an OS Manages Hardware (continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  25. How an OS Uses Device Drivers to Manage Hardware • Device drivers provide OS with software necessary to control devices • 16-bit read-mode drivers • Supported by Windows 95/98 • 32-bit protected-mode drivers • Supported by Windows 95/98, Windows Me, and Windows NT/2000/XP A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  26. How an OS Uses System BIOS to Manage Devices • To communicate with simple devices (eg, floppy drives or keyboards) • To access the hard drive A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  27. Using System BIOS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  28. Using System BIOS (continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  29. System Resources A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  30. System Resources (continued) • Depend on certain lines on a bus on motherboard • System bus components • Data bus carries data • Address bus communicates addresses (memory addresses and I/O addresses) • Control bus controls communication (IRQs and DMA channels) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  31. System Bus Components A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  32. Interrupt Request Number (IRQ) • Line on a bus that device needing service uses to alert the CPU • Managed by interrupt controller on motherboard • Early motherboards: eight IRQs • Second group of IRQs and second interrupt controller have been added to accommodate need for more devices A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  33. Common Assignments for First Eight IRQs Start -> All programs -> Accessories -> System tools -> System information -> IRQs

  34. Second IRQ Controller A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  35. Viewing IRQ Assignments • Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD) for DOS • Device Manager for Windows 2000/XP and Windows 9x A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  36. Viewing IRQ Assignments (continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  37. Viewing IRQ Assignments (continued) Refer pg 41 of A+ (M.Pastore) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  38. Memory Addresses • Hexadecimal numbers assigned to RAM and ROM so the CPU can access both • Used to access physical memory • Often written in segment:offset form(eg, C800:5) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  39. Memory Addresses (continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  40. I/O Addresses • Numbers CPU can use to access hardware devices Common I/O addresses to know for A+ exam PS: Note that the h at the end of the number denotes hexadecimal number A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  41. I/O Addresses (continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  42. Common Assignments for I/O Addresses A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  43. Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels • Shortcut method that lets an I/O device send data directly to memory, bypassing the CPU A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  44. DMA Channels A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  45. OS Tools to Examine a System • Device Manager • System Information utility • Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  46. Device Manager • Primary tool used to manage hardware devices under Windows 2000/XP and Windows 9x A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  47. Device Manager ( continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  48. System Information Utility • Gives similar, but more, information than Device Manager • BIOS version in use • Directory where OS is installed • How system resources are used • Information about drivers and their status • Additional information about software A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  49. Using Windows System Information Click Run and type msinfo32 to activate the System Info A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  50. Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD) • Useful for viewing information about the system, including: • Memory • Video • Ports • Device drivers • System resources PS: MSD is not supported in Win NT, Win XP & Win 2000. Use System Information A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

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