1 / 37

Pesticide Illness

Pesticide Illness. Part 4 Chronic Health Effects Laws and Regulations. Prepared by: Rupali Das, MD, MPH, California Department of Health Services, Michael O’Malley, MD, MPH, University of California, Davis, Laura Styles, MPH, Public Health Institute. Pesticides Chronic Health Effects.

ormanda
Download Presentation

Pesticide Illness

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Pesticide Illness Part 4 Chronic Health Effects Laws and Regulations Prepared by: Rupali Das, MD, MPH, California Department of Health Services, Michael O’Malley, MD, MPH, University of California, Davis, Laura Styles, MPH, Public Health Institute

  2. PesticidesChronic Health Effects • Respiratory (asthma) • Neurological • Reproductive and Developmental • Carcinogenic

  3. Chronic Toxicity of Pesticides • Types of chronic effects • Cumulative effects of low level exposures • Persistent effects of acute exposure • Individual evaluations • Epidemiologic studies • Specific associations • Classification of reproductive, cancer toxicity

  4. Chronic Effect Studies: Design & Interpretation • Pre-exposure information absent • Exposure difficult to measure • Selection of control groups important • Multiple, variable compounds • Confounders, unknown exposures

  5. Pesticides and Asthma, Children • Increase in pediatric asthma • Suspected factors • Air pollution • Genetics • Hygiene hypothesis • Chemicals, including pesticides

  6. Pesticides and Asthma, Adults • Farmer occupation • Canada (Hoppin et al. 2002) • US (Senthilselvan et al. 1992) • Case reports • Pyrethrin, tetramethrin, allethrin, chlorothalonil, fluazinam

  7. Chronic Neurologic Effects of Pesticides

  8. Case Subway Rider Exposed to Sarin • 35 year-old man exposed to sarin with severe dyspnea, convulsions • Comatose, slightly cyanotic; miosis; profuse muscarinic symptoms Source: EHP/NIEHS

  9. Subway Rider Exposed to SarinNeurobehavioral Status at 6 months • Test results • No global intellectual impairment • Performance impairments • Retrograde amnesia • Passivity and shallow affect • Mild neurobehavioral dysfunction

  10. Parkinson’s Disease Association with Paraquat MPTP MPP+ Paraquat

  11. Parkinson’s Disease Pesticide Theory • Direct toxins • Neurotoxins • Dieldrin, rotenone • Mitochondrial toxins • Chlordane, paraquat, permethrin • Modulators of metabolism • DDT, organophosphates, pyrethrins

  12. Parkinson’s Disease Postulated Causes • 20% family history • Environmental associations • Farmer occupation • Any occupational pesticide exposure • Living on a farm • Pesticides • Initiator, promoter, or effect modifier?

  13. Reproductive & Developmental Effects of Pesticide Exposure • Endpoints • Reproductive • Developmental • Exposure • Maternal • Paternal

  14. Reproductive & Developmental Effects Maternal Exposure • Agricultural exposure • Spontaneous abortions & fetal death • Congenital malformations • Greenhouse workers • Reduced fecundability • Excess stillbirths

  15. Reproductive & Developmental EffectsPaternal Exposure • Documented • Azospermia, Oligospermia • Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) • Suggested • Reduced sex ratio (M/F) • Spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery

  16. Reproductive & Developmental EffectsMethodological Problems • Occupation surrogate for exposure • Poor exposure assessment • Exposure usually to multiple pesticides • Timing of exposure uncertain • Control for other toxins may be poor

  17. CaseWoman with SpontaneousAbortion • 34 year-old woman with spontaneous abortion at 17 weeks gestation • Smokes ½ pack/day; occasional home pesticide use; 2 healthy children • Fetal pathology: one stub for leg, shortened umbilical cord, no genitals.

  18. Woman with SpontaneousAbortion Occupational History • Seasonal worker in seed-retailing • Became pregnant one month after starting work. • Husband is a postal worker

  19. Woman with SpontaneousAbortionMaternal Exposure History • Occupational • Captan: animal teratogen • Carboxin: growth suppression, high doses • Chlorpyrifos: no evidence • Methoxychlor: teratogen; estrogenic • Thiram: reduced growth at high doses • Home • Permethrin: reduced fertility, high doses

  20. Pesticides and Cancer • Animal data • High dose laboratory studies • Human data • Epidemiological studies

  21. Postulated Mechanisms ofPesticide Carcinogenicity

  22. Pesticide Animal Carcinogens • Insecticides:dichlorvos, organochlorines • Herbicides:amitrole, cyanazine • Fumigants:ethylene oxide, formaldehyde • Fungicides:captan, maneb, zineb • Growth regulators:daminozide

  23. Pesticides & Cancer inFarmers • Low mortality due to other causes • Elevated risks for cancer • Most studies on male farmers • Limited data on specific exposures • Other hazards

  24. Pesticides and Cancer Associations:Human Epidemiologic Studies • Lindane: Lymphoma • Dichlorvos, methoxyclor: Leukemia • 2,4-D, diazinon: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma • Atrazine: Ovarian • Arsenicals: Lung, skin

  25. Pesticides Associated with Cancer: Organophospates, Carbamates • Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma • Organophosphates • Carbamates • Lung cancer • Leukemia

  26. Pesticides Associated with Cancer: Chlorophenoxy Herbicides • Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma • Farmers, gardeners • Soft tissue sarcoma

  27. Pesticides and Childhood Cancer • Malignancies linked to pesticides • Leukemia • Brain cancer • Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma • Wilm’s tumor • Ewing’s sarcoma

  28. Pesticides and Childhood CancerChildhood Pesticide Exposure • Widespread home pesticide use • Pet products, insecticidal shampoos • Vertical concentration gradient • Deposit on toys, furniture

  29. Pesticides and Childhood CancerRisk Factors • Parental home/garden pesticide use • Parental occupational exposure • Prenatal exposure Source: USDA

  30. Human Pesticide Cancer Studies: Methodological Issues • Case definition may not be precise • Recall bias • Small samples • Crude exposure assessment • Timing of exposure cannot be confirmed • Genetic-environmental interactions

  31. SummaryChronic Pesticide Illness • Risks depend on pesticide • Neurological disease: Organophosphates • Cancer: Chlorophenoxy herbicides • Reproductive toxicity: Methyl bromide • Preventing illness • Targeted use reduction • Worker protection • Reduced home use

  32. Pesticide Laws and Regulations • Federal • Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1972) • Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1939) • Worker Protection Standard (1992) • Food Quality Protection Act (1996) • State laws vary

  33. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) • Control of distribution, sale, use • Gives US EPA authority to • Study pesticide consequences • Require pesticide purchase registration • Requires • Pesticide applicator certification • Registration, proper labeling

  34. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) • Allows US EPA to establish tolerances for pesticides in food • Small fraction of marketed food tested for pesticide residue

  35. Worker Protection Standard • Reduce farmworker pesticide illness • Hazard training and communication, decontamination facilities, notification, emergency medical care

  36. Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) • Health-based standard for pesticides in foods • Requires US EPA to review tolerances for pesticide tolerances in food • Focus on children

More Related