Other English Colonies

1. Other English Colonies

2. Plymouth • Separatists, initially went to Holland for religious tolerance • soon left = Dutch were too tolerant • Allowed to go to Jamestown, agreed to “peaceably carry themselves”. • Left in September - arrived in November • missed their landing, settled along present day Cape Cod. • Named settlement after the port they set sail from in England. • Mayflower Compact: signed before they landed • establishing civil government • proclaimed allegiance to the king

3. Plymouth Grows • Wampanoag indians were weak from disease, had to befriend settlers • unlike Powhattan in Virginia. • taught Pilgrims to plant crops and hunt the native animals. • Squanto: captured and taken to Europe years before, served as translator and guide. • Natives nearly wiped out by smallpox 13 year later.

4. English Civil War • James I – established Steward dynasty after Elizabeth I • Charles I – intolerant, persecuted Protestants, dissolved Parliament. • 7 year war between Cavaliers supporting the King and Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell. • Beheaded Charles, Cromwell = Lord and Protector. • England declared Commonwealth, no king • 10 years later, Cromwell died, Charles II retains the throne.

5. Plymouth Becomes Massachusetts • Massachusetts Bay Company – puritan merchants purchased charter to develop region occupied by the pilgrims. • Reaction to Charles I persecution of protestants • John Winthrop: dominated Massachusetts, city on a hill • Could only become citizen if you were a member of the church, theocracy

6. Dissent and Divide in Massachusetts • Roger Williams: devout Separatist, Massachusetts should break from church of England. • separation between church and state, protect the church from corruption • banished, survived with the Narragansett Indians. • Founded Rhode Island, complete religious toleration. • Anne Hutchinson: argued some leaders were using the church as a means to gain political power. • Viewed as hostile to Puritan views on the role of women • banished and moved to Rhode Island with followers, died shortly after • Three years later, John Wheelwright – a follower of Hutchinson, led a group to form colony of New Hampshire.

7. Native Relations in New England • Helpful, weaker tribes taught settlers to farm and hunt • Overhunting decimated local wildlife • settlers migrate to Connecticut Valley - begin farming. • Natives more numerous and powerful, settlers were rude • The Pequot War: Settlers aligned with Mohegan and Narragansett against the more powerful Pequots - for control of fur trade • Cpt. John Mason –burned Pequot village with people inside. • King Philip’s War: English intrude on Wampanoag lands and culture – began 3 year war • Settlers align with Mohawks – ambush and kill Metacomet, Wampanoag leader • English technology (flintlock) created advantage subsequent conflicts

8. Restoration Colonies • Charles II builds coalition in Parliament – rewards allies with charters in the New World (Proprietary Colonies) • Carolina (Latin derivative of Charles) – granted to 8 most valued allies • Fundamental Constitution for Carolina: John Locke, elaborate system of land distribution and social order. • North Carolina: mainly backwoods small time farmers. • South Carolina: fertile land, better harbors – enabled strong aristocracy. • Class struggle between the two caused Charles to split charter in two.

9. New York • Charter for brother James - from Connecticut to Delaware Rivers. • already belonged to Dutch • English forced them to surrender and allow them to stay. • New York, perhaps the most diverse colony • wealthy Dutch patrons and English Lords developed center of trade along Hudson River.

10. New Jersey • James gave part of his charter to political allies. • Two brothers renamed territory after their birth place, New Jersey. • Dysfunction stifled growth, the crown reclaimed the colony. • New Jersey developed much like New York - cultural diversity, but no wealthy upper class.

11. Pennsylvania • The Quakers: Extremely radical Separatist movement, non-traditional rules and functions. • William Penn: converted Quaker, wanted to start colony free of ridicule. • Given land to repay debts King owed his father (wealthy Navy Admiral) • Advertised well, encouraged all faiths, fertile land. • Reimbursed natives to use their land - few conflicts as result. • Prospered from the onset more than any other colony. • Charter of Liberties: gave representation to all people in the colony • Penn signed before returning to England, died imprisoned and poor • Leniency allowed people of Delaware to start new colony