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Development of CVD Diamond Tracking Detectors for Experiments at High Luminosity Colliders

Development of CVD Diamond Tracking Detectors for Experiments at High Luminosity Colliders. RD42 Status Report Peter Weilhammer CERN and Ohio State University for the RD42 Collaboration LHCC Presentation CERN, February 18, 2010. RD42 Collaboration 2010.

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Development of CVD Diamond Tracking Detectors for Experiments at High Luminosity Colliders

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  1. Development of CVD Diamond Tracking Detectors for Experiments at High Luminosity Colliders RD42 Status Report Peter Weilhammer CERN and Ohio State University for the RD42 Collaboration LHCC Presentation CERN, February 18, 2010

  2. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report RD42 Collaboration 2010 1 Universitat at Bonn, Bonn, Germany 2 INFN/University of Catania, Catania, Italy 3 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 4 Wiener Neustadt, Austria 5 INFN/University of Florence, Florence, Italy 6 Department of Energetics/INFN, Florence, Italy 7 FNAL, Batavia, USA 8 GSI, Darmstadt, Germany 9 Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia 10 IPHC, Strasbourg, France 11 ITEP, Moscow, Russia 12 Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 13 Universitat at Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany 14 CEA-LIST, Saclay, France 15 MEPHI Institute, Moscow, Russia 16 Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 17 Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA 18 University of Torino, Torino, Italy 19 University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 20 UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA 21 University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 22 Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada 23 Czech Technical Univ., Prague, Czech Republic 24 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 25 SyracuseUniversity, Syracuse, NY, USA 26 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA 27 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 22g27 Institutes M. Artuso25, D. Asner22, M. Barbero1, V. Bellini2, V. Belyaev15, E. Berdermann8, P. Bergonzo14, S. Blusk25, A. Borgia25, J-M. Brom10, M. Bruzzi5, D. Chren23, V. Cindro12, G. Claus10, M. Cristinziani1, S. Costa2, J. Cumalat24, R. D’Alessandro6, W. de Boer13, D. Dobos3, I. Dolenc12, W. Dulinski10, J. Duris20, V. Eremin9, R. Eusebi7, H. Frais-Kolbl4, A. Furgeri13, K.K. Gan16, M. Goffe10, J. Goldstein21, A. Golubev11, A. Gorisek12, E. Griesmayer4, E. Grigoriev11, D. Hits17, M. Hoeferkamp26, F. Huegging1, H. Kagan16,t, R. Kass16, G. Kramberger12, S. Kuleshov11, S. Kwan7, S. Lagomarsino6, A. La Rosa3, A. Lo Giudice18, I. Mandic12, C. Manfredotti18, C. Manfredotti18, A. Martemyanov11, D. Menichelli5, M. Mikuz12, M. Mishina7, J. Moss16, R. Mountain25, S. Mueller13, G. Oakham22, A. Oh27, P. Olivero18, G. Parrini6, H. Pernegger3, M. Pomorski14, R. Potenza2, K. Randrianarivony22, A. Robichaud22, S. Roe3, S. Schnetzer17, T. Schreiner4, S. Sciortino6, S. Seidel26, S. Smith16, B. Sopko23, K. Stenson24, R. Stone17, C. Sutera2, M. Traeger8, D. Tromson14, W. Trischuk19, J-W. Tsung1, C. Tuve2, P. Urquijo25, J. Velthuis21, E. Vittone18, S. Wagner24, J. Wang25, R. Wallny20, P. Weilhammer3,t, N. Wermes1 t Spokespersons 70g87 Participants P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 2

  3. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Outline of Talk • Introduction • Material and manufacturers • Radiation Hardness Studies • Pixel Module Construction and Results • Applications in Experiments • Requests from CERN • Summary

  4. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report INTRODUCTION • Motivation: Need Tracking Devices Close to Interaction Region of Experiments at LHC and more important at sLHC • Possible Materials with adequate properties: • Radiation Hardness (possibly survive to end of experiment) • Low dielectric constant  low capacitance • Low leakage current (even after strong irradiation)  low noise for readout • Room temperature operation • Fast signal collection Many materials are and have been considered: Clearly Silicon: but radiation hardness of Si at 1016 p/cm2 is also difficult, Was p on, now n on p? 4H-SiC, 6H-SiC, GaN, GaAs, CZT, a-Si(H),… CVD diamond will be discussed in this talk

  5. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report INTRODUCTION • Main activities in RD42: • Material Studies • Radiation Hardness tests of presently highest quality pCVD and scCVD diamond • Beam tests to characterize quality • Pixel module preparation and tests • Manufacturing Developments • So far diamond material supplied by/in collaboration with Diamond Detector Ltd/ Element Six Ltd. • See also: http://rd42.web.cern.ch/RD42

  6. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report O INTRODUCTION Motivation: Tracking Devices Close to Interaction Region of Experiments at the SLHC Scale is ~ 1016 cm−2 → Annual replacement of inner layers perhaps? Probably not very practical For 6000fb-1 • Pixels at r = 4 – 30 cm, Strips at r = 30 - to 100cm • Below r = 25cm charged particles dominate

  7. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Material and Manufacturers • Polycrystalline CVD Diamond (pCVD) • First measurements on new samples done with 90Sr sources: • Contacts on both sides- contact structures from several mm to cm • Usually operate at 1 – 2V/mm • Test procedure: dot strips  pixels on same diamond

  8. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Material and Manufacturers 5” wafer DDL Cr/Au dots are 1 cm apart • New wafers are continually being produced • Wafer collection distance now typically 250 mm (edge) to 310mm (center) • Contract for material with ccd > 275 mm

  9. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Material and Manufacturers • Source data well separated from 0 amplitude • Collections distance now ~ 300mm • Most probable charge now ~ 9000 e- • 99% of PH distribution above 4000 e- • FWHM/MP ~ 0.95--- Si has ~0.5 • More than five 5 inch wafers grown and measured with that quality

  10. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Material and Manufacturers A Single Crystal CVD Diamond from Element six Maximum side dimensions ~12 to 14mm Usually more like ~5mm x ~5mm ATLAS FE-I3

  11. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Recent Sensor work - DDL • ccd guaranteed above 275 µm • Delivered four 18mm x 64mm sensors for ATLAS (FE-I3) • Delivered four 18mm x 21mm sensors for ATLAS (FE-I4) • Achieved ccd>275 mm on one part so far • Working on surface properties • RD42 measures wafers before choosing parts • Caveat – DDL seems to have exhausted the stock of good wafers, E6 growing fresh wafers P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 11

  12. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report First Quote for DDL Material • Budgetary quote in hand for large order • 20mm x 20mm size 750 CHF/cm2 for 500pcs 625 CHF/cm2 for 1000pcs P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report

  13. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report New Manufacturer: II-VI • New US producer • Large company (sold eV products to EI recently) based in Saxonburg, PA • Interested in electronic grade diamonds to enrich their product line • Delivered many parts for characterization • Produced a ~1.5 mm thick 5” wafer in their “normal” process • Not tailored to HEP applications at all • Delivered four 18mm x 21mm parts • As grown – no processing so far P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 13

  14. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Material and Manufacturers II-VI has a development project in electronic grade CVD diamond First Samples Tested • Free Samples given to OSU • • 20 samples were measured • • Good IV characteristics • • So far - mostly thin samples • • Compare well with earlier RD42 samples from Element-Six ~ 8 years ago El-6 Initial Collection Distance Measurements

  15. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Recent Material from II-VI Substrate side • As grown, ~1.5 mm thick • Surprisingly good results • ccd uniform across all samples • 220-230 µm @ 0.7 V/µm, not saturated (Error in metallization, CCD lower limit) • Working with II-VI to optimize further • Take off substrate side in steps • Go to higher fields • Ultimate goal : • 500µm thick, 300µm CCD, • 300-400 CHF/cm2 • Not yet committed to regular sales P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report

  16. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report First Results From Thick II-VI Wafer Substrate side Growth side Samples as grown Collection Distance (ccd) versus Voltage

  17. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Radiation Hardness of CVD Material Important Parameters for Radiation Hardness: - binding energy - displacement energy - elastic, inelastic, total cross section

  18. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Radiation Hardness Studies pCVD Diamond Trackers: • Patterning the diamond → pads, strips, pixels! • Successfully made double-sided devices; edgeless. • Use trackers (strip or pixel) in radiation studies - charge and position. Double-Sided Strip Single sided strip

  19. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Radiation Hardness Studies Polycrystalline CVD (pCVD) Diamond irradiated up to 1.4x1015 • Application is pixel detectors • At the LHC, thresholds are Noise (1400e) limited • PH distributions look good after irradiation of 1.4x1015p/cm2, e > 99%

  20. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Radiation Hardness Studies Single Crystal CVD (scCVD) Diamond irradiations at 1.5x1015 • PH distributions look narrow before and after irradiation • PH distributions after 1.5x1015p/cm2 → e > 99% for pixel detector.

  21. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Radiation Hardness Studies 24 GeV p irradiation Beam test results pCVD and scCVD diamond follow the same damage curve: 1/ccd=1/ccd0 +k f

  22. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Radiation Hardness Studies Most CVD diamond irradiations have been done with 24 GeV protons Lower energy protons irradiations also under way Irradiations with neutrons have been done; still under analysis Pions! Example: 800 MeV sample irradiation in Los Alamos Dec. 2009

  23. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Radiation Hardness Studies Very Recent: 70MeV protons 3× more damaging than 24GeV protons: But follow the same curve: 1/ccd=1/ccd0 +k f 70 MeV Protons (Japan)

  24. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Radiation Hardness Studies-Pions • Need pions in n x 100MeV ballpark • Applied for beam at PSI (with RD-50) • Use scCVD to maximize damage effect • Negotiate very simple pion beam line at LANL • If approved, could reach sLHC fluences • Quick evaluation with strip detectors in 800 MeV proton beam P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 24

  25. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report pCVD and scCVD Pixel Detectors Issues: • Signal • Noise, threshold • - Charge sharing, signal over threshold

  26. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report pCVD Pixel Detectors 1-Chip and full 16 Chip ATLAS diamond pixel modules • Single chip and full modules bump-bonded at IZM (Berlin), constructed • and tested in Bonn • Operating parameters (FE-I3): Peaking Time 22ns, Noise 140e,Threshold 1450-1550e, Threshold Spread 25e

  27. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report pCVD Pixel Detectors The ATLAS pixel module - Bare Chip, No Detector - Noise, Threshold Results: Bare Noise ~140e, Bare Mean Threshold ~1500e, Bare Threshold Spread ~25e.

  28. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report pCVD Pixel Detectors The full ATLAS diamond pixel module - Noise, Threshold Results: Noise ~ 137e, Mean Threshold 1454e, Threshold Spread ~25e. Noise, threshold, threshold spread do not change from bare chip. → Advantage of low capacitance, no leakage current

  29. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report pCVD Pixel Detectors (in Industry) New: First Full Diamond Pixel Module Made in Industry Full ATLAS Module with 16 chips Bare Substrate • Begin with a tested raw diamond • Clean → IZM in Berlin • Receive finished, metalised, bump-bonded module!

  30. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Applications in Experiments The 4 big experiments around LHC : CMS, ALICE, LHCb, and ATLAS have projects for beam monitoring and high luminosity upgrades involving scCVD and pCVD diamond detector substrates. Also LHC control is working on a CVD diamond beam control detector. In the following few slides I comment on some ATLAS implementations and plans

  31. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Applications ATLAS On the bases of these results ATLAS officially approved Upgrade R&D on Diamond Pixel Detectors • Proposing Institutes: • Carleton University (Canada) • University of Toronto (Canada) • University of Bonn (Germany) • Joˇzef Stefan Institute (Slovenia) • CERN • Ohio State University (US) • Submitted May 2007 • Approved Feb 2008 • Technical Decision 2010 Reference → ATU-RD-MN-0012, EDMS ID: 903424

  32. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report The ATLAS BCM system TRT B. TRT End Cap Agilent MGA-62653 500Mhz (gain: 22 dB, NF: 0.9dB)‏ SCT B. SCT End Cap PIXEL BCM 2 x 1cm2 pCVD diamond Mini Circuits GALI-52 1 GHz (20 dB)‏

  33. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Time difference hit on A side to hit on C side Most of data reconstructed offline Sub ns resolution of BCM clearly visible (0.69 ns) without offline timing corrections applied Beam dump fired by BCM during LHC aperture scan Ready to protect ATLAS BCM results BA is fired increasing activity 1177 LHC orbits – ~100 ms after BA is fired the buffer is recorded for additional 100 LHC orbits (~10 ms) ~10 ms

  34. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report REQUESTS FROM CERN • The RD42 Role at CERN • Irradiations, development of new manufacturers, sample procurement, test beams • Central facilities for all experiments this worked for BCM’s • CERN Group in RD42 to be strengthened • RD42 Request to CERN/LHCC • RD42 is supported by many national agencies: •  continuation of official recognition by CERN critical • 50kCHF from CERN/ ~200kCHF from outside CERN • RD42 requires access to CERN facilities: • maintain the present 20 m2 of lab space (test setups, detector prep, ...) • maintain present office space • test beam time • RD42 and CERN play a critical role in diamond development

  35. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Summary • Further Progress in Material Quality and New Manufacturers • pCVD - 320μm collection distance diamond attained in wafer growth • scCVD – Radiation Hardness measured; pixel detectors in preparation One new CVD diamond manufacturer has come onto the scene. Produce very good material. • Radiation Hardness of Diamond Trackers established; further measurements essential (pions) • Diamond Pixel Detectors • Successfully tested a complete ATLAS module and scCVD module • Full modules in production. Industrial production in place. • Diamond R&D Approved by ATLAS for IBL and LHC Upgrade • Beam Conditions Monitoring • Application of diamond successful in BaBar, CDF, Alice, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb….

  36. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Additional Material

  37. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Material and Manufacturers RD42 has started working with two more Companies (Germany and US) to develop detector grade diamond material, both pCVD and scCVD material Samples from a german company “Diamond Materials” (Fraunhofer Institute in Freiburg) Show charge collection distance of ~100mm Four DM wafers different sizes

  38. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report scCVD Pixel Detectors The First scCVD ATLAS diamond pixel detector • The hit map plotted for all scintillation triggers with trigger in telescope. • The raw hit map looks goods - only 1 dead pixel

  39. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report scCVD Pixel Detectors Irradiated scCVD Diamond Pixel Module • Full module irradiated - electronics and diamond. • Data falls on expected damage curve! • Presently taking data at various incident angles.

  40. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report Main goal – protection of ATLAS In case of anomalous beam behaviour and large losses Distinguish between interactions and background (scraping of collimators, beam gas,...)  better than 12.5 ns width+baseline restoration In addition Collision rate/background rate monitoring (with single MIP sensitivity) Bunch-by-bunch Luminosity measurement counting tracks, coincidences zero counting,… Triggering: BCM provides 6 different inputs to ATLAS Central Trigger Processor (CTP) In time coincidences, out of time coincidences, high multiplicity,… can be programmed in readout board BCM tasks probability of track going to side A BC rate number of tracks per pp number of pp in single BC (function of luminosity) 2 detector stations, symmetric in z TAS (collimator) event: Δt=2z/c=12.5ns Interaction: Δt = 0, 25, … ns 6ns -6ns Time

  41. P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 8x8mm2 0.5mm thick diamond sensors used 6 sensors on each side (A and C) installed on ID End Plate Readout adopted from LHC BLM system with minor modifications Redundant system to BCM – safety only BLM overview 7 TeV p on TAS collimator gives ~1 MIP/BLM module  ~1 fC of charge 25 pA of current “spike” for single occurrence (possible with pilot bunch) 40 nA of current for continuous loss (only when full LHC bunch structure) Diamond dark currents In magnetic field, should be O(10 pA) Erratic currents, several nA w/o magnetic field Require 2 ch. Above threshold simultaneously BCM BLM counts ~50 nA several h single ch. rates …

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