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HI 112 Raffael Scheck Colby College

HI 112 Raffael Scheck Colby College. A Survey of Modern Europe 4. The Consolidation of Other Nation States. France after 1871. Modernization and consolidation after 1871 Attack on local dialects Compulsory education Mass draft Branch railroad building

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HI 112 Raffael Scheck Colby College

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  1. HI 112Raffael ScheckColby College A Survey of Modern Europe 4

  2. The Consolidation of Other Nation States

  3. France after 1871 • Modernization and consolidation after 1871 • Attack on local dialects • Compulsory education • Mass draft • Branch railroad building • Anti-clericalism in the wake of the Dreyfus Affair • Successful democracy despite instability of governments

  4. Reform in Russia • Defeat also triggers modernization • Abolition of serfdom, 1861 • Local parliaments • Judicial system • National minorities • Anti-Semitism • Revolution of 1905

  5. Democratization in Britain • Electoral reforms of 1832, 1867, and 1881: gradual extension of the suffrage to almost all adult males • Limitation of the power of the Upper House • Pride in powerful industrial revolution and global empire • But: nationalist tensions, above all in Ireland

  6. Failed Consolidation in Austria-Hungary • Division of the Austrian Empire, 1867 • Democratization in Austria but not in Hungary • Separatist nationalisms; chaos for Austrian democracy • Slow industrialization in Austria • Huge free-trade area but politically unstable

  7. Changes in Society 1850-1914

  8. Overview • Industrial “take-off” on the Continent after 1850 • Population Explosion • Urbanization and rebuilding of cities • Effects on the countryside and on worldviews

  9. European Population Growth 1800-1900(in millions)

  10. Urban Growthin 1000s

  11. Growth Rates

  12. Urbanization • Growth in royal residences already before 1800, but explosion during industrial revolution • Huge challenges: feeding, housing, policing, hygiene, transportation • Demands large administration

  13. The Tertiary (White-Collar) Sector • Huge cities and consolidated states require large state administrations • Banking, finance, insurance business, services thrive • Job opportunities for many men and women • Consumerism; department stores

  14. The Growth of Organized Labor • Organization in huge industrial areas • Housing shortages • Mass strikes • Repressive states • But: Trade union movements and socialist parties begin integrating the workers into the state in Western and Central Europe • Still: fear of revolution

  15. Changes in the Countryside • Markets expand, but foreign competition from the U.S. and Russia undercuts agriculture • Farmers demand protective tariffs and become a conservative counterweight to the labor movement • Strategic interests of nation states

  16. Changes in Mentalities • Challenges to organized religion • Dechristianization? • Feminization of religion • Upsurge of individualism

  17. Modernism and Modern Thought

  18. What is Modernism? • Rational, scientific, individualistic, progressive, urbanized form of life in place around 1900 (in the advanced countries) • But it breeds its opposite: irrationalism, nihilism, cultural pessimism

  19. The New Toughness of Mind, 1850-80 • Trend to scientific understanding of all things human (Marx) • Auguste Comte (1798-1857): Positivism • Realism in paiting and literature (e. g. Flaubert) • Charles Darwin (1809-82) and Charles Spencer (1820-1903) • Shock to romantic and religious minds

  20. The Challenge to Rationality • World full of chaotic, destructive wills (Schopenhauer) • Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): call for a “transvaluation of all values” • Naturalism: critique of society and family (Ibsen, Strindberg. Zola) • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): exploring the unconscious

  21. Conclusion • Massive outbreak of irrationalism at the end of the “rational” 19th century • But not a romantic irrationalism in the sense of the richness of feeling - rather: anguish, madness • Search for meaning

  22. The Zenith of European Imperialism

  23. The “New” Imperialism: Facts and Motivations • Scramble for colonies 1880-1900 • Deeper penetration and higher investment; made possible by industrial revolution and new technology • Feeling of cultural superiority and civilizing mission (the “white man’s burden”) • Nationalism (mass press) • Demographic and social arguments • Neo-mercantilism • Domino effect?

  24. The British Empire

  25. The French Empire

  26. Realities of the New Imperialism • Poor communication and organization • Failure of the settlement idea • Limited economic benefits • Anti-imperialism

  27. Informal Empire • Trading with established but less powerful states; attempts to control their finances and exploit their economies • Examples: Ottoman Empire, China, Latin America, maybe Russia?

  28. The Human and Cultural Cost • Destruction or disruption of cultures • Forced labor under abusive conditions • Divisions within “colonized peoples;” massacres in response to uprisings • Europeanization of the globe? • But also powerful foreign influence on Europe

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