1 / 182

Towards a Multifactorial Grammar

Towards a Multifactorial Grammar. Dirk Geeraerts. University of Leuven RU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics. Towards a Multifactorial Grammar. Dirk Geeraerts. [ erarts]. University of Leuven RU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics.

otis
Download Presentation

Towards a Multifactorial Grammar

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Towards a Multifactorial Grammar Dirk Geeraerts University of LeuvenRU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics

  2. Towards a Multifactorial Grammar Dirk Geeraerts [erarts] University of LeuvenRU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics

  3. Towards a Multifactorial Grammar Dirk Geeraerts [erarts] University of LeuvenRU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics

  4. TOC • step 1: starting-pointmultidimensionality in semasiological structures • step 2: first extensionfrom semasiology to onomasiology • step 3: second extensionthe social dimension • step 4: the resulting modelmultifactorial grammar • step 5: backgroundthe situation of contemporary linguistics PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  5. TOC • step 1: starting-pointmultidimensionality in semasiological structures • step 2: first extensionfrom semasiology to onomasiology • step 3: second extensionthe social dimension • step 4: the resulting modelmultifactorial grammar • step 5: backgroundthe situation of contemporary linguistics

  6. TOC • step 1: starting-pointmultidimensionality in semasiological structures • step 2: first extensionfrom semasiology to onomasiology • step 3: second extensionthe social dimension • step 4: the resulting modelmultifactorial grammar • step 5: backgroundthe situation of contemporary linguistics

  7. Purpose • introduce some of the recent developments in lexicological theory(recent = +/- fifteen years) • apply them to a case study:what are the things happening to a neologism?(neologism = a new lexical concept entering the language) PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  8. Background chapter 2 in: D. Geeraerts 1997Diachronic Prototype Semantics. A Contribution to Historical Lexicology[ Oxford: Oxford University Press ] PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  9. Recent trends in lexicology • step 1from an interest in structures (like lexical fields and taxonomies)to an interest in salience→ prototypicality effects • step 2extrapolating salience effects from semasiology to onomasiology→ onomasiological salience PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  10. Prototypicality • salience effectsextensionally:some members / instances of a lexical category are more prominent instances than othersintensionally:the features describing those central cases have more structural weight than others PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  11. Prototypicality • demarcation problemsextensionally:the membership boundaries of a lexical category need not be clear intensionally:it is not always possible to give a 'classical' definition of meanings (i.e. a maximally general, minimally distinctive definition) PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  12. Representing prototypicality vers "fresh" • Wie eet er den besten kost, wie koopt er verschen visch en wild, wie heeft er schoone meiden ? (Loveling 1885) • Nu meende zij, dat zij … aan alles zou kunnen wennen, behalve aan gemis van beweging en versche lucht (Van Lennep 1866) • Voor een goede verpakking toch, dienen de versche sigaren, tot zoolang in vochtigen, weeken toestand te blijven. Door het uitspreiden der sigaren op deze rekken, drogen de versche sigaren echter snel op (Bertram 1899) PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  13. optimal 2 (air) recent 1 (food) 3 (cigars) PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  14. Semasiology / Onomasiology signifiant signifié PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  15. Semasiology / Onomasiology signifiant signifié PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  16. Semasiology / Onomasiology signifiant signifié PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  17. Semasiology / Onomasiology signifiant signifié referent PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  18. Onomasiological salience • conceptual onomasiological saliencedifferent conceptual categories for naming a referente.g.taxonomical choices: trousers /jeansbut also choices among co-hyponyms:mini-skirt / wrap-around skirt • formal onomasiological saliencedifferent names for expressing an identical conceptual categorye.g. underground / subway PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  19. Notes • conceptual onomasiological salience is a generalisation of the salience of taxonomical levels that is embodied in the basic level hypothesis • formal onomasiological salience involves denotational synonyms PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  20. Predictions the evolution of a neologism • semasiology:if prototypicality is indeed a good model of the semasiological structure of categories, the semantic development of a new concept will take the form of growing variations and modulations of the initial prototypical core PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  21. Predictions • conceptual onomasiology:if a new concept is succesful, this will become apparent in the growing entrenchment (onomasiological salience of that concept) • formal onomasiology:competition between sociolinguistically marked alternatives PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  22. Case study: legging • evolution from 1988 to 1992 • corpus of magazines, representative for the distinction between Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch • referential description in componential format (six dimensions)e.g. <31111f> PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  23. The componential system PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  24. Semasiology - representation of the semasiological range of the category “legging” as a cluster of overlapping subsets - following the evolution during five years  gradual expansion of the prototypical core: from minimal to maximal deviance from the prototype PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  25. L =2,3 M=1 W=1 S=f 14 1 3 F=1 PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  26. L =2,3 M=1 W=1 3 S=f 14 1 F=1 PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  27. L =2,3 M=1 W=1 3 S=f 23 3 4 13 3 F=1 PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  28. L =2,3 M=1 1 W=1 7 S=f 116 26 33 4 F=1 3 2 1 PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  29. L =2,3 M=1 W=1 1 18 4 S=f 174 28 1 1 69 12 F=1 1 5 2 PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  30. Conceptual Onomasiology • extrapolating the semasiological notion of salience (= prototypicality) to the onomasiological domain: a cognitive preference for choosing one category rather than another as the name for a given referent or set of referents • an operational definition of onomasiological entrenchment in a given corpus: PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  31. Defining entrenchment frequency of category name(s) frequency of category referents PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  32. Applying entrenchment • applying the operational definition: • overall frequency of legging-leggings-caleçon • overall frequency of all referents of legging-leggings-caleçon, even where not named by those items PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  33. Growing entrenchment PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  34. Formal Onomasiology • choices between denotational synonyms, revealing the relationship between language varieties • in this case: reflecting the normative relations between Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch (Flemish) PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  35. A converging shift PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  36. A converging shift • more internal variation in B than in NL • more influence from French in B than in NL • B seems to converge normatively with NL • (historical interpretative background) PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  37. Closing remarks • through the introduction (and the further onomasiological extrapolation) of prototypicality, lexicology has gone from a purely structure-oriented to a usage-based theory:structure reflects use PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  38. Closing remarks • more recently, the same tendency can be seen in the study of grammar"usage-based models of grammar"(Kemmer & Barlow; Bybee; some forms of Construction Grammar)→ what can be learned from the lexicological example? PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  39. Closing remarks • you need specific methods to carry through the usage-based programme, and it is not always easy to apply those methodstypical problems- adequate (corpus or experimental) materials- possibility of a refined and reliable semantic analysis PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  40. Closing remarks • the changes we witness are changes of social behaviourhence, it is necessary to incorporate a social perspective into the investigation PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  41. TOC • step 1: starting-pointmultidimensionality in semasiological structures • step 2: first extensionfrom semasiology to onomasiology • step 3: second extensionthe social dimension • step 4: the resulting modelmultifactorial grammar • step 5: backgroundthe situation of contemporary linguistics

  42. Purpose present recent research on measuring linguistic distances in standardization research • introduce a specific lectometric approach to standarization studies ( CONDIVpro ) • illustrate the method by comparing Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch • discuss further developments and questions of interpretation PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  43. TOC • Standardization research and lectometry • CONDIVpro: A method for lectometrical studies • The basic case study: Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch • Extended case studies • Interpretations and prospects PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  44. I • Standardization research and lectometry • CONDIVpro: A method for lectometrical studies • The basic case study: Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch • Extended case studies • Interpretations and prospects PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  45. Dialects and standards • cp. Peter Auer's recent research: • a typology of constellations of dialects and standard languages in Europe:an evolution from (simplifying) ... PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  46. Diglossia (endoglossic) standard(written and spoken) base dialects(spoken) PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  47. Diaglossia (endoglossic) standard regional standard regiolects base dialects(spoken) PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  48. Dialect loss (endoglossic) standard regional standard PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  49. Adding (socio)lectometry PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

  50. Why ? • except for historical factors, only linguistic distance decides between and PhD Course, Bergen 20.06.2006

More Related