What do all living things need?

1. What do all living things need?

2. Energy! All living things need a constant flow of energy

3. The Food Pyramid Top Consumers Primary Consumer Producer Top Consumer Secondary Consumer Plant Carnivore Herbivore Secondary Consumers Carnivores Primary Consumers Herbivores Decomposers Fungus & Bacteria Producers Plants

4. From where do the producers get their energy? From the SUN!!!

5. By what process do the producers capture solar energy & convert it into a usable form for all living things?

6. Chapter 4:Photosynthesis Let’s get into this

7. Energy produced by the producers (with the energy from the sun) is transferred from one organism to the next. Sun Producers Primary Secondary Consumers Consumers

8. Photosynthesis • Process by which green plants or organism with chlorophyll, convert light energy into the chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydrates

9. Autotrophic – • Can transfer energy to produce food – can make their own food • Plants, some bacteria & some protists • Heterotrophic – • Must obtain energy from preformed food – must eat food • Fungus, all animals, some bacteria & protists

10. What is needed for autotrophs to photosynthesize? • Carbon dioxide (atmospheric) • Water (in the soil or air) • Sunlight (or artificial light source) • Chlorophyll (present in leaves and sometimes stems)

11. General formula for Photosynthesis

13. Where does Photosynthesis take place in a leaf? • Chloroplasts are small oval structures containing the green pigment chlorophyll

14. What does a chloroplast look like? Chloroplasts are oval structures consisting of stacked grana (photosynthetic membranes) • and a liquid called stroma. • Chlorophyll is found in the stacked grana Grana

15. Photosynthesis occurs in 2 major steps Chloroplast Light Reaction occurs in the... Grana (contains chlorophyll) Calvin Cycle occurs in the... Stroma

16. Step 1 – The Light Reaction • occurs only in the presence of light. • Occurs in the grana (stacks) of the chloroplasts • Light is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen and to move electrons through the membranes of the grana to produce ATP

17. Light Dependent Reaction Light Independent Reaction Membrane of the Grana Occurs in Stroma Glucose

18. Step 2. Calvin Cycle (light independent reaction)– • can occur in light or darkness. Follows light reaction • Occurs in the stromaof the chloroplasts • CO2 will get “fixed up” with the ATP energy from the light reaction (and hydrogens also from the Light Reaction) to produce Glucose

19. Membrane of the Grana Occurs in Stroma Glucose

21. The Steps in Photosynthesis THE LIGHT REACTION •  1) The light energy strikes the leaf, passes into the leaf and hits a chloroplast inside an individual cell. •  2) The light energy, upon entering the chloroplasts, is captured by the chlorophyll inside a grana. •  3) Inside the grana some of the energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Produces ATP molecules •  4) The oxygen is released into the air.

22. The Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reaction) 5) The hydrogen is taken to the stroma along with theATP energy from the Light Reaction.  6) Carbon dioxide enters the leaf and passes into the chloroplast.  7) In the stroma, the remaining light energy is used to combine hydrogen and carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates. This occurs during the Calvin Cycle  8) The energy-­rich carbohydrates (glucose) are carried to the plant's cells.

23. NADPH

24. Look at the diagram of photosynthesis from the previous slide. What are the names of the two reactions that are occurring in the chloroplasts Describe what reactants are going in and what products are going out.

25. Summary

26. Great Summary of Photosynthesis & Respiraton • Animation • Another good one