Body fluids

1. Body fluids • Body contains many fluids differ in composition to meet their functions .The most important body fluids are :blood ,urine, milk, semen, cerebrospinal fluids , aqueous homour ,sweat , tear, lymph , amniotic fluids, synovial fluids,pericardial and peritoneal fluids.

2. Blood • Blood is a liquid consisted of a yellowish fluid called plasma in which red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended. • The blood cells are clotted(coagulated),the remaining liquid is called serum.Thus, serum is plasma without clotting factors.

3. Functions of the blood • Respiration • Nutrition • Excretion • Maintenance of normal acid –base balance. • Defence • Hormones • Coagulation

4. Plasma • Water : 90% • Solids: 10% • organic constituents: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates , hormones, enzymes, Ketone bodies , and other organic compounds. Inorganic compounds: Na, K Ca,Cl,and CO2.

5. Clinical significance of plasma proteins • Normal serum total protein= 6-8gm% • Albimin 3.5-5.0gm% • Globulin 1.8-3.4gm% • Fibrinogen 200-400mgs%

6. Albumin • Maintain colloidal osmotic pressure. • Control body water distribution. • Acts as transport agent for wide variety of substance.drugs ,fatty acids, corticol, histamine.

7. Cont. • When plasma albumin concentration falls : <2.5gm % odema occurs. • Disorders of albumin: • Analbumenemia:absence of albumin.(homozygotes) • Site liver • Decreased in hepatocellular failure normal plasma: 10-40 mgs%

8. Function of the plasma proteins • Transport functions • Synthesis of plasma proteins • Albumin /globulin ration

9. Urine • volume • Normally :800-2000 ml/day • During sleep ½ the amount formed during the day. • polyuria = excretion more than 2000ml/day • 1. high intake of fliud • 2. diabetes patients.

10. Cont. • Oliguria: less than 500 ml/day • anuria: less than 125ml/day • Pathological oliguria or anuira as in urinary obstructions (by stone or tumour,)excessive vomiting and diarrhoea or due to shock and hemorrage.

11. Ketone bodies(kenuria) • Normally less than 18mg of ketone bodies are excreted per day . • Ketonuria is the presence of ketone bodies in the urine in abnormal concentrations. • Ketonuria may occur in any conditions where carbohydrate utilization is impaired e.g starvation,carbohydrate poor diet.

12. Blood (hematuria) • It is the presence of blood or intact red cells in urine • It is caused by urinary bilharziasis , glomerulonephritis, traumatic or malignant disease.

13. Bilirubin • The presence of bilirubin in the urine occurs in obstructive jaundice and hepatocellular jaundice. • It gives the urine a dark greenish brown colour.

14. Urinary stone(calculi) • 10 % adult male urinary stones suffer form . • Urinary stones are almost composed of substance normally excreted in the urine .These substances for unknown cause are supersaturated ,precipitated and form crystals. The crystals are then bound together by a binding substance forming stones.

15. Chemical composition Calcium oxalate(common in India) Calcium phophate Calcium carbonate Magnesium ammonium phosphate Less commonly Uric acid :4 -10 % Cystine stone: less than 1%

16. Causes of urinary calculi • Change in pH • Distribution of vitamins • Disturbance of hormones • excess excretion of uric acid

17. Milk • Secretion of mammary gland in humans and animals. • Colour: white=fat globules + calcium phosphate • pH= 6-6.7 • Milk protein=1.2g/dl • Milk carbohydrate= lactose =7.0gm/dl • Milk fat+3.7g/dl

18. Cont. • Milk minerals= • Irons • Calcium and phosphorus • Sodium and potassium • Milk vitamins A and B2 .. Poor in Vit C ,D and K

19. Colostrum • Yellowish fluid secreted in first weel of lactation. • Excess carotenes • Rich in globulins • Less fat and less carbohydrates

20. Semen (seminal fluid) • Milky mixture of spermatogenesis and secretion of epididymis seminal vesicles and prostrate. • 60 -120 millions/ml • Sperm count below 10 millions is called :oligospermia. • Absence of sperms is called :azospermia.

21. Cont. • Shape : 80% normal ,20 % abnormal • Motility:speed of sperm movement is 3 mm/min .It can reach the oviduct within 30-60 min after copulation .The average percentage of ac active motile spermatozoa is 70-90% in the first hour . The lower limit of normal is 40% motile.

22. Constituents of seminal fluids • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • minerals

23. Cerebrospinal fluids • CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses of brain ventricles. • It fills the ventricle system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and the spinal cord.

24. function • To protect brain and spinal cord form mechanical injury caused by sudden movement of the body. • To maintain a constaant pressure inside the head and arround the spinal cord. • To carry nutrients to the brain and spinal cord and remove waste substance.

25. Sweat and tears • These are hypotonic solutions containing mainly NA+ and Cl-. • It also contain urea and K+ • Lysozyme ,and enzyme that has an antibacterial action , present ion sweat and tear.

26. Lymph • Lymph is an interstitial fluid which has passed into the lymph vessels .It is formed by the filtration of plasma through the capillary walls. • Composition: less proteins than plasma

27. Amniotic fluid • It is fluid contain inside the aminotic sac in which embryo is free to move and protected against mechanical injury. • Vol. 450-1500ml

28. Synovial fluid • Present in joints cavities and tendon spaces • Contain high % of hyaluronic acid

29. Functions • Minimise the friction between during bones movement or weight bearing • Provides nutrition for cartilage. • 0.15-3.5ml

30. Pleural,pericardial and peritonial fluids • Less than 20 ml in pleural cavity from 20 -50ml in pericardial sac,and less than 100 ml in peritoneal cavity. • To lubricate the pariental and visceral tissues during organ movements