The Lymphatic System سيستم لمفاوى

1. The Lymphatic Systemسيستم لمفاوى EO 003.01 Part 11

2. Lesson Overview (Insert Dari) Insert Dari • Function of the Lymphatic System • Structures of the Lymphatic System • Immune System • Immune Disorders • Resistance to Disease • In-class assignment

3. Functions of the Lymphatic Systemوظايف سيستم لمفاوى • Draining excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces • Transporting dietary lipids & vitamins from GI tract to the blood • Facilitating immune responses • recognize microbes or abnormal cells & responding by killing them directly or secreting antibodies that cause their destruction • مايع اضافى فاصلۀ بين حجرات و پروتين هاى پلازما را از فاصله هاى انساج تخليه ميکند • شحم هاى غذائى و ويتامين ها را از سيستم معدى معائى به خون انتقال ميدهد • پاسخ هاى دفاعى را سهولت ميبخشد • مکروب ها يا حجرات غير طبيعى را شناسائى نموده و به آنها از طريق کشتن مستقيم شان يا ترشح انتى بادى هاى که سبب تخريب شان ميشود، جواب ميگويد

4. Lymphatic System سيستم لمفاوى • Organs, vessels and a fluid called lymph • similar to interstitial fluid • Organs involved • bone marrow • thymus • spleen • lymph nodes • diffuse lymphatic tissue • tonsils and adenoids • اعضا، اوعيه و مايعى که لمف ناميده ميشود • شبيه به مايعات فاصلۀ بين حجرات • اعضاى درگير • مغز سرخ استخوان • تيموس • طحال • عقدات لمفاوى • انساج منتشرۀ لمفاوى • تانسل ها، ادينوئيد ها و پارچه

5. Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari

6. Lymphatic Vessels & Circulationاوعيۀ لمفاوى و جريان آن • موى رگهائيکه بشکل تيوب هاى سربسته آغاز ميشوند، در فاصله هاى بين حجرات يافت ميشوند • يکجا شده اوعيۀ لمفاوى را ميسازند • شباهت به وريد هاى داراى ديوار هاى نازک و دريچه هاى بيشتر دارند • مايع از داخل عقدات (گره هاى) لمفاوى بطرف اوعيۀ بزرگ بالاتر از قلب جريان ميداشته باشد • لمف به جريان خون تخليه ميشود • Capillaries that begin asclosed-ended tubes foundin spaces between cells • Combine to form lymphaticvessels • resemble veins with thinwalls & more valves • Fluid flows through lymph nodes towards large veins above the heart • lymph emptied into bloodstream

7. Lymphatic Vessels & Circulationاوعيۀ لمفاوى و جريان آن

8. Lymphatic Capillariesموى رگهاى لمفاوى • Found throughout thebody except in avasculartissue (cartilage, epidermis& cornea) • Structure is designed to lettissue fluid in but not out • در سرتاسر بدن، به استثناى انساج بدون رگ (غضروف، ايپى درم و قرنيه) يافت ميشود • ساختار آن طورى طراحى شده است که به دخول مايعات انساج اجازه ميدهد، نه خروج آن

9. Lymphatic Organs & Tissuesاعضا و انساج لمفاوى • بصورت وسيع در تمام بدن پخش شده اند • اعضاى ابتدائى لمفاوى • محيط تقسيم حجرات ساقه يى (stem cells) و پخته شدن آن به لمفوسيت هاى “بى” و “تى” را محيا ميسازد • مغز سرخ استخوان زمينۀ حجرات بالغ “بى” را آماده ميسازد • تيموس ساحه ايست که در آن حجرات ماقبل تى از مغز سرخ به پختتگى (بلوغ) ميرسند • اعضا و انساج ثانوى لمفاوى • ساحۀ که درآن بيشترين واکنش هاى دفاعى رخ ميدهد • عقده هاى لمفاوى، طحال و دانه هاى لمفاوى • Widely distributed throughout the body • Primary lymphatic organs • provide environment for stem cells to divide & mature into lymphocytes • bone marrow • thymus • Secondary lymphatic organs & tissues • site where most immune responses occur • lymph nodes, spleen & lymphatic nodules

10. Immune System (Insert Dari) • The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders. • These are primarily microbes—tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and fungi that can cause infections. Viruses also cause infections. Insert Dari

11. Resistance to Disease(Insert Dari) • مقاومت، توانائى دفع امراض است • فقدان مقاومت بنام خدشه پذيرى ياد ميشود • مقاومت غير اختصاصى بمقابل امراض • مييکانيزم دفاع عمومى بمقابل طيف وسيعى از پتوجن ها (مکروب هاى توليد کنندۀ امراض) مؤثر اند • مقاومت اختصاصى يا معافيت عبارت از توانائى مجادله با پتوجن هاى خاص ميباشد • معافيت توسط حجرات • معافيت توسط انتى بادى ها • Resistance is the ability to ward off disease • lack of resistance is termed susceptibility • Nonspecific resistance to disease • general defensive mechanisms effective on a wide range of pathogens (disease producing microbes) • Specific resistance is ability to fight a specific pathogen.

12. Lymphocyte(Insert Dari) • A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell. • This includes: • Natural killer cells (NKC) • Cells involved in specific resistance (adaptive immunity) Insert Dari

13. Nonspecific Resistance to Disease مقاومت غير اختصاصى بمقابل امراض • حمايت فورى در مقابل طيف مکروب هاى مختلف و مواد بيگانه • فقدان عکس العمل هاى خاص بمقابل مهاجمين خاص • ميکانيزم عمل صرف نظر از نوع تهاجم • موانع ميخانيکى و کيمياوى خارجى • دفاع غير مشخص داخلى • پروتين هاى ضد مکروبى • حجرات کشندۀ طبيعى و فگوسيت ها • التهاب و تب • Immediate protection against wide variety of pathogens & foreign substances • lacks specific responses to specific invaders • Mechanisms function regardless of type of invader • external mechanical & chemical barriers • internal nonspecific defenses • antimicrobial proteins • natural killer cells & phagocytes • inflammation & fever

14. Skin & Mucous Membranesجلد و غشا هاى مخاطى • حفاظت ميکانيکى • جلد (ايپى درم) حجرات کريتينايز شده، خيلى نزديک باهم • ريختن حجرات در کشيدن مکروب ها کمک ميکند • غشاى مخاطى مخاط غليظ را ترشح ميکند • سيليا (ساختار هاى مژه مانند) و مخاط مکروب ها را قيد و بطرف گلون حرکت ميدهد • عمل شستشوى اشک، ادرار و لعاب دهن • حفاظت کيمياوى • ترشح روغنى غدوات چربى (سيبوم) مانع نشونماى بکتريا و فنگس ميشود • انزايم هاى تجزيه کننده (لايزوزيم ها) در عرق حجرات مکروبى را تخريب ميکنند • پى ايچ (pH) اسيدى افرازات معده يا تيزاب معده و افرازات مهبلى بکتريا ها را از بين ميبرند • Mechanical protection • skin (epidermis) closely packed, keratinized cells • shedding helps remove microbes • mucous membrane secretes viscous mucous • cilia & mucus trap & move microbes toward throat • washing action of tears, urine and saliva • Chemical protection • Sebum inhibits growth bacteria & fungus • perspiration lysozymes breakdown bacterial cells • acidic pH of gastric juice and vaginal secretions destroys bacteria

15. Internal Defensesدفاع داخلى • پروتين هاى ضد مکروبى مانع نشوونماى مکروب ها ميشوند • حجرات کشندۀ طبيعى، مکروب ها و حجرات تومورى مختلف را ميکشند • در خون، طحال، عقدات لمفاوى و مغز سرخ استخوان يافت ميشوند • فگوسيت ها • مکروب ها يا ذرات را ميخورند • Antimicrobial proteins discourage microbial growth • Natural killer cells kill a variety of microbes & tumor cells • found in blood, spleen, lymph nodes & red marrow • Phagocytes • ingest microbes or particulate matter

16. Inflammationالتهاب • Damaged cell initiates • Signs of inflammation • redness • heat • swelling • pain • Function is to trap microbes, toxins or foreign material & begin tissue repair • حجرات آسيب ديده آغاز ميکنند • علايم التهاب • سرخى • حرارت • پنديدگى • درد • وظيفه عبارت از بدام انداختن مکروب ها، زهريات يا مواد بيگانه و آغاز ترميم انساج ميباشد

17. Inflammationالتهاب

18. Stages of Inflammationمراحل التهاب • توسع و ازدياد قابليت نفوذ پذيرى اوعيه • مهاجرت فگوسيت ها (حجرات بلع کننده) • ظرف يک ساعت نيوتروفيل ها و بعد از آن مونوسيت ها رسيده و جريان خون را ترک ميگويند (مهاجرت) • ترميم انساج • Vasodilatation & increased permeability of vessels • Phagocyte emigration • within an hour, neutrophils and then monocytes arrive and leave blood stream (emigration) • Tissue repair

19. Feverتب • Abnormally high body temperature • Occurs during infection & inflammation • Benefits • inhibits bacterial growth, speeds up tissue repair Insert Dari

20. Specific Resistance (Insert Dari) • Also referred to as acquired or adaptive immunity. • Involves highly specialized cells (T and B cells). • After an initial encounter with a specific pathogen, memory of that pathogen is created, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. • Basis for vaccination. Insert Dari

21. Immune Disorders(Insert Dari) • Autoimmune Disease • Hypersensitivity Reactions • Anaphylaxis • HIV Insert Dari

22. Autoimmune Diseases(Insert Dari) Insert Dari • Autoimmunity = failure of the immune system to recognize parts of the body as “self” and attacks itself. • Many different types, some examples are: • Rheumatoid arthritis (joints) • Dermatitis

23. Hypersensitivity Reactions(Insert Dari) Insert Dari • Undesirable over-reactions of the immune system to normally harmless substances. • The immune system ‘thinks’ the substance is a ‘foreign invader’. • Reactions can be damaging and uncomfortable. • Symptoms can include: • - itchy rash • - difficulty breathing • Sometimes the body will mistake medications as ‘foreign invaders’ and cause a hypersensitivity reaction to occur.

24. Anaphylaxis(Insert Dari) Insert Dari • Is a serious, whole-body allergic reaction. It has a rapid onset and can cause death. • Symptoms include: • - Swelling and closing of the throat = difficulty breathing. • Hives (severe rash) • Low blood pressure • Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari Insert Dari

25. HIV (Insert Dari) • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Synmdrome (AIDS) • Progressive failure of the immune system allows for opportunistic infections and cancers • HIV impacts specific immunity. • HIV is transmitted via contact with blood and body fluids • There is no cure for HIV but the virus can be suppressed with medications, allowing patients to live longer, healthier lives Insert Dari

26. Questions? (Insert Dari)

27. In-class Assignment(Insert Dari)

28. 1. What best describes the function of the lymphatic system? (Insert Dari) • Draining excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces • Transporting dietary lipids & vitamins from GI tract to the blood • Facilitating immune responses • All of the above Insert Dari

29. 1. Answer: What best describes the function of the lymphatic system? (Insert Dari) • Draining excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces • Transporting dietary lipids & vitamins from GI tract to the blood • Facilitating immune responses • All of the above Insert Dari

30. 2. Which of the following in not a component of the lymphatic system? (Insert Dari) • Lymph vessels • Spleen • Pancreas • Thymus Insert Dari

31. 2. Answer: Which of the following in not a component of the lymphatic system? (Insert Dari) • Lymph vessels • Spleen • Pancreas • Thymus Insert Dari

32. 3. True or False, The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders.

33. 3. Answer: TrueThe immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders.

34. 4. Natural killer cells and antimicrobial proteins are two of the non-specific mechanisms of resistance, name two more mechanisms? (Insert Dari)

35. 4. Answer(Insert Dari) • Any two of the following: • Fever • Inflammation • Skin barrier, mucous (mechanical protection) • Sebum, acidic environment of the stomach etc. (chemical protection) Insert Dari

36. 5. What do the following symptoms describe? (Insert Dari) • Hives (severe rash) • Throat swelling/closure • Low blood pressure Insert Dari

37. 5. What do the following symptoms describe? (Insert Dari) • Hives (severe rash) • Throat swelling/closure • Low blood pressure • Answer: Anaphylaxis Insert Dari