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Electrochemical Cells (Batteries)

Electrochemical Cells (Batteries). Chemical reaction produces electricity. Called “voltaic cells” Happens SPONTANEOUSLY. Moving Electrons = Electricity. Electrons from oxidized substance travel towards substance reduced. Traveling electrons move through “external circuit”

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Electrochemical Cells (Batteries)

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  1. Electrochemical Cells (Batteries) Chemical reaction produces electricity. Called “voltaic cells” Happens SPONTANEOUSLY.

  2. Moving Electrons = Electricity Electrons from oxidized substance travel towards substance reduced. Traveling electrons move through “external circuit” where they do work.

  3. Parts of a Simple Battery (Voltaic Cell) Made of Two “Half Cells” containing: 2 Metal Electrodes 2 Solutions of Ions External Wire Salt Bridge

  4. “Charge” flows in a “circuit” that is connected. External Wire: allows e- to flow between metal electrodes Salt Bridge: allows ions to flow between solutions

  5. What is Ox/Red? Start with Table J Electrons travel from more “Active” metal toward less active metal. Metal above = oxidized Ion on Metal below = reduced Ex: Ox: Zn Red: Cu+2

  6. Which way do electrons flow in the external wire? Electrons flow “Down Table J” From metal above to ion of metal below from Zn to Cu+2 e-

  7. Which electrode is negative or positive? Electrons flow from negative to positive electrode. Negative electrode: Zn Positive electrode: Cu e-

  8. Which electrode is the anode or cathode? Anode: metal electrode where oxidation occurs Ex: Zn Cathode: metal electrode where reduction occurs Ex: Cu

  9. Remember AN OX RED CAT Anode is where oxidation happens Cathode is where reduction happens

  10. What are the Half Reactions? Ox: Zn0 Zn+2 + 2e- Red: Cu+2 + 2e- Cu0 What is the Net Equation? Net: (add ½ reactions) Zn0 + Cu+2 Zn+2 + Cu0 Make sure final net equation is balanced for electrons and atoms! e-

  11. Which electrode gains/loses weight? Look at half reactions!! Which forms solid metal? Which forms dissolved ions? Ox: Zn0 Zn+2 + 2e- Red: Cu+2 + 2e- Cu0

  12. Which way do the ions in the salt bridge “migrate” or move? Remember: “The negative ions complete the circuit” (The ions actually end up moving towards the solution of opposite charge that forms.)

  13. Dead Battery Voltage = 0 Means the reaction in the battery has reached EQUILIBRIUM.

  14. You try it… Mg/Mg+2//Al+3/Al • Draw and label Battery • What is oxidized/reduced? • What are the half reactions and net(balanced)? • What is the neg/pos electrode? • What is the anode/cathode? • Which way do e- flow in wire? • Which way do -/+ ions flow in salt bridge? • Which electrode gains/loses mass?

  15. Lemon Battery Demo • http://youtu.be/AY9qcDCFeVI • Batteries • http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/galvan5.swf • Battery Simulation http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroChem/volticCell.htmlN • Nerst Equation Simulation (HONORS) http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroChem/voltaicCellEMF.html

  16. Finding Voltage of a Battery (Honors) Use Voltage Table Find your half reactions and record voltage Note: All ½ reactions shown are reductions. For oxidation, reverse the sign of the voltage

  17. Nerntz Equation (Honors) Find voltage of a battery when the conc. of dissolved ions is not 1 Molar (as on “standard voltage” table) Ecell = E0 – 0.0592 log [product ion]x n [reactant ion]y n = total # of moles electrons being transferred The concentration of dissolved ions can affect voltage. Greater concentration of reactant ions (see net) increases the overall voltage.

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