Leading Into World War II

2. Leading Into World War II The 1920’s and 1930’s rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, & Spain

3. “New Classroom Rules” • Talking is forbidden in class or in the halls. • New Dress code policy: Uniforms, and all boys will have their hair cut into brush cuts and girls must keep their hair pulled up and back. • All Exams will be unannounced. • The school paper will be written by the administration. • All students will buy the main menu lunch item. • No internet use will be permitted when on the computers.

4. Do-Now:Please take a few moments to define these terms using your textbook • Totalitarianism • Fascism • Purge • Nazism • Axis Powers • Appeasement

5. And meanwhile in Europe… • 1936 • Nuremburg Party Rally • Adolf Hitler leads 180,000 in an “Oath to Germany” • Banners, flags, spotlights, stages • Grand spectacles essential to building power

6. What does this photo seem to say about totalitarian rule?

7. Totalitarian Government • Totalitarian rule- • exerting total control over a nation • dominates every aspect of life in that country • power derived from the destruction of individuals • those who disagree are silenced, beaten, killed

8. Fascism • Fascism- • system of government marked by stringent social and economic control, a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator, and often a policy of belligerent nationalism • emphasizes the importance of a nation, or ethnic group, and the supreme authority of a leader • Fascist Dictators • Adolf Hitler (Germany) • Benito Mussolini (Italy)

9. Communism • Communism- • A system of government based on the idea that all goods and land are owned by the society as a whole. The good of the community is placed above the good of the individual. • Although they share some similarities, communist and fascist leaders have historically been enemies

11. Leading into World War II The 1920’s and 1930’s rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, & Spain

12. Meet the Dictators Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Joseph Stalin

14. Soviet Union • Joseph Stalin • Took over after Lenin died (Lenin more moderate, NEP) • 1924 “One great leap forward” • a vicious brand of communism, reworked economy • Like fascism, communism relies on a strong dictator, and does not represent or preserve individual rights or freedoms

15. Stalin’s Economic Plan • “Collectivization campaign” 5 year plan • Convert small family farms to huge, gov’t controlled plots • Belligerent Nationalism • Faced with resistance, Stalin reacted: • forcing the poor off their lands • confiscating the food they produced • Sending millions to labor camps in Siberia • Agricultural production fell, forced rationing

16. Stalin’s Economic Plan (cont.) • Also pursued rapid industrialization • Assigned millions of laborers from rural areas to build and run new industrial centers • All government money flowed into goods like: • Iron, steel, oil, and coal… not into housing clothing, consumer goods • Resulted in shortages of essential products • Standard of living plummeted • Despite troubles, by 1940, Stalin was successful • The Soviet Union was a modern industrial power

17. Stalin’s Reign of Terror • Political Domination via purges • “Purified” the Communist Party by removing opponents and anyone else he believed to be a threat to his power or ideas • Great Purge of 1939 • Stalin’s agents arrested >7 million people • >1 million executed, millions of others in camps • Purges successfully eliminated any resistance

19. Fascism in Italy • Benito Mussolini • “Il Duce,” the leader • Fought and injured in WWI • Believed the Versailles treaty deprived Italy • Charismatic speaker, found supporters • Formed the revolutionary Fascist party, 1919

20. Fascism in Italy • Organized gangs of fascists developed around Italy • Vowed to end Italy’s economic problems • Blackshirts – thugs who control the opposition • By 1922, Mussolini had built so much power, he threatened to march on Rome • The king of Italy panicked and appointed him prime minister

21. Fascism in Italy • Goal 1: to improve economic conditions • suspended elections, outlawed other political parties • Established a dictatorship • Firm control improved Italy’s economy • Other European nations commend him!

22. Fascism in Italy • Goal 2: to build an empire • Dreams of a new Roman empire • Fascist slogan: “A country is nothing without conquest” • 1935, Italy invades Ethiopia • Overpowered Ethiopian resistance • Ethiopian emperor fled • Other European nations horrified!

24. Hitler’s Rise to Power • Austrian, wounded in WWI • Furious with Germany’s part in the Versailles treaty • Stripped Germany of land and colonies • Huge burden of debt for war damage in Fr, Bel, GB • War-guilt clause which blamed Germany for starting WWI

25. The Nazi Party • 1919, Hitler joins the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party • Fascism with German Nationalism and Racial Superiority • Hitler becomes leader of Nazi Party • Powerful, fanatical public speaker • Focus on German’s national humiliation drew support • Failed attempt to overthrow German Gov’t • Hitler imprisoned, authors “Mein Kampf”

26. “Mein Kampf” • “My Struggle,” composed in prison • Outlined Nazi philosophy • His views on Germany’s problems • Blamed minorities for weakening Germany • Notably, Jewish • Called for purification of the Aryan Race • Removal of undesirable races = mass extermination / genocide

27. Nazi Propaganda “White collar and manual workers of our people, you alone have to suffer the consequences of this unheard-of treaty. Come and protest against Germany being burdened with the war guilt. Protest against the peace treaty of Versailles which has been forced upon us…”-Nazi poster, Berlin, Germany, 1921

28. Germany turns to Hitler • Great Depression hits Germany, 1930’s • Nazi Party promises • National respect • economic stabilization • restored empire • 1930 elections, Hitler loses to Paul von Hindenburg • Hindenburg makes Hitler chancellor, head of German gov’t • Hitler as chancellor • Ends freedom of speech, • Violently silences critics using brownshirts, Nazi thugs

29. Hitler takes over • German parliament burns down • Hitler blames communists • Nazi party gains the majority • Approved to pass a bill which would give the Chancellor dictatorial powers • Hindenburg dies 1934 • Hitler becomes both chancellor and president • Calls himself “Der Fuhrer,” the leader

31. Please re-create the chart in your notebook.

32. Germany

33. Italy

34. Spain

35. Japan

36. Soviet Union

38. Germany

39. Italy

40. Spain

41. Japan

42. Soviet Union