The Second War for Independence: Impact on Political and Social History

1. Chapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812–1824

2. MILITARY HISTORY

3. I. On to Canada over Land and Lakes • The War of 1812 • US invasion of Canada was not successful • U.S. Control of the Great Lakes was vital • Oliver Hazard Perry claimed victories (1812-13) • British invasion of New York State (1814)

4. Constitution and Guerrière, 1812 (USS Constitution won) p225

5. II. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended • British burn Washington (Aug 1814) • Americans hold Baltimore (Ft. McHenry) • Francis Scott Key, “The Star-Spangled Banner” • Peace treaty had signed at Ghent, Belgium • British attack New Orleans (Jan. 1815) • Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans* *War had ended two weeks before battle

6. Map 12-1 p226

7. The Fall of Washington, or Maddy in Full Flight President Madison (“Maddy”) was forced into humiliating withdrawal from the capital in 1814, when British forces put the torch to Washington, D.C. p227

8. III. The Treaty of Ghent • Basically an armistice (Dec 24, 1814) • Organized by Tsar Alexander I (Russia) • All conquered lands were returned • The war & treaty was a draw IF THE WAR DIDN’T CHANGE ANYTHING WHY LEARN IT?

9. We study the War of 1812 Because… it affects POLITICAL HISTORY And SOCIAL HISTORY

10. IV. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention • Federalists were against the War of 1812 • Hartford Convention (Dec 1814-Jan 1815) • Convened b/c Feds were against the War of 1812 • Collapse of the Federalist Party POLITICAL HISTORY

11. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island Contemplate Abandoning the Union, engraving by William Charles, 1814 This anti-Federalist cartoon shows Great Britain welcoming back its “Yankee boys” with open arms, promising them “plenty molasses and codfish, plenty of goods to smuggle, honours, titles, and nobility into the bargain.” p228

12. Map 12-2 p229

13. V. The Second War for American Independence • The War of 1812 important to the U.S. • Other nations respected America’s fighting prowess • Increased ‘national’ patriotism (less sectionalism) • The Indians lost British support / protection SOCIAL HISTORY WORLD HISTORY

14. The White House and Capitol, by Anthony St. John Baker, 1826 This watercolor painting reveals the rustic conditions of the early days in the nation’s capital.

15. VI. Nascent Nationalism • National oneness after the war • Navy victorious in North Africa (1815) • Barbary Wars • Bank of the United States OKd by Congress (1816) • New capital built in Washington

16. VII. “The American System” • Nationalism manifested itself in manufacturing • Tariff of 1816—for ‘protection’, not revenue • Henry Clay’s develops the American System • A strong banking system (easy & abundant credit) • Revenue from the tariff helped eastern manufacturing • Western roads / canals for better transportation Adam Norris (APUSH video guy)

17. p231

18. p232

21. VIII. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings • James Monroe (D-R) wins presidency (1816) • Announced an “Era of Good Feelings” • Troublesome issues • Tariff, National bank, internal improvements • Slavery was a growing issue Role of government? States' Rights?

23. IX. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times • The economic ‘panic’ of 1819 • Cause: overspeculation of frontier land • Long Term Results of the Panic of 1819 • Poorer classes hardest • Inhumane debtors prison became a concern

24. X. Growing Pains of the West • Nine frontier states added between 1791 -1819 • Kept North and South balance • Continued westward movement • Land was cheap (The Land Act of 1820) • Improved transportation

27. Newcom Tavern, Dayton, Ohio Built in 1796, Newcom Tavern was a typical way station for the pioneers flowing into the newly secured Old Northwest in the early 1800s. Today it is Dayton’s oldest building. p236

29. Building the Erie Canal p237

31. XI. Slavery and the Sectional Balance • Missouri asked Congress for statehood (1819) • Tallmadge amendment— • The required elimination of slavery in Missouri • Sectionalism intensifies • The South: it’s a threat to the ‘peculiar institution’ • The North: stop the evil spread of slavery Western expansion increases the concern over slavery

32. Antislavery Propaganda in the 1820s These drawstring bags are made of silk and transfer-printed with “before” and “after” scenes of slavery. On the left bag, an African woman cradles her baby on the right one, the grieving mother is childless and in chains, while slaves are being whipped in the background. These bags were purchased at an abolitionist fair, held to raise money for the antislavery movement. Purses and the like sold well at these events because women were prominent in the movement. p234

33. XII. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise • Congress admitted Missouri as a slave state • Congress admitted Maine as free state • Had been a part of Massachusetts • Future bondage prohibited north the 36 30’ line

34. The Missouri Compromiselimited the area of slavery

36. The Missouri Compromise kept a political balance

37. Map 12-3 p235

38. XIII. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • SCOTUS can invalidate unconstitutional state laws • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Federal laws supersede state laws • Cohens v. Virginia (1821) • The right SCOTUS to review all state court decisions • Gibbons v. Ogden(1824) • Federal Gov’t can regulate interstate commerce • All cases limited state powers, state rights

39. XIV. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses • The Marshall Court decisions are felt today • Increased the power of the Supreme Court • Sense of nationalism became legal precedent Feds Slowly Gaining More power

40. XV. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida • Anglo-American Convention (1818) • U.S./Canadians shared Newfoundland fisheries • Northern border defined, shared Oregon • Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) • Also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty • U.S. renounced claims to Texas

41. Map 12-5 p240

42. Andrew Jackson in 1815 p241

43. Map 12-4 p240

45. XVI. The Menace of Monarchy in America • Autocrats of Europe • Wanted the world safe from democracy • Stopped democracy in Italy (1821) and Spain (1823) • Americans were alarmed • Europeans stopped democracy in Latin America • Fear of Russian desires in Alaska & California

47. XVII. Monroe and His Doctrine • The Monroe Doctrine (1823) • No colonization in western hemisphere • Russo-American Treaty (1824) • Fixed Russia’s southern line at 54 40’ • The Monroe Doctrine a Self-Defense Doctrine • Based on America’s power to eject the trespasser • Basically an expression of post-1812 nationalism

48. Map 12-6 p243

50. p245