Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data Dissemination and Further Analysis Workshop

1. Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveysData Dissemination and Further Analysis Workshop Access to Mass Media and Use of ICT Life Satisfaction and Tobacco and Alcohol Use MICS4 Data Dissemination and Further Analysis Workshop

2. Background • Late additions to standard MICS questionnaires, now part of core questionnaires • Added as a result of work on adolescents and young people • Limited experience (mainly MICS) • Both in Women and Men questionnaires

4. Access to Mass Media and Information and Communication Technologies

5. Background: Access to Mass Media and ICT • Mass media • Newspapers • Radio • Television • ICT • Computers • Internet

6. Mass Media • Exposure to influences outside the local community • Can be used as a starting point for any mass media campaigns • Indicator: All three media, once a week • Table reports individual items, as well as no exposure • Can be produced for men

7. Example • Upper middle income country with high level of education • Similar radio and newspaper access, TV universal • Some age differentials • Strong correlation with wealth – due to (1) newspaper reading , (2) radio

8. Data • Pattern varies largely by countries, with large proportions of ethnic groups, vulnerable, poor and uneducated populations without exposure • Exposure by age varies by country, recent developments in education and spread of mass media

9. Further analysis/Further work • A first step for understanding access and exposure; more detail possible • May be followed up with more detailed data collection on the nature of exposure to fine-tune media messages – frequency, timing, type • Follow up is applicable in both cases: very high, or low percentages • Data quality: check with TV ownership, literacy • Supplement educational level with media • May be used as a valuable independent variable for analyzing outcomes

10. ICT • Exposure to global influences, communication, learning opportunities • Even for the less educated • Only for women (or men) age 15-24 • Ever use, recent use, frequency of use of computers and internet

11. ICT • Ever use should always be higher • Internet use likely to be lower, but fairly close to computer use

12. ICT • Under-use and over-use by children/adolescents may both be concerns • Sharp correlation with age and other background characteristics • Fairly similar ever and recent use

13. Further work/Further analysis • Check, analyze together with other media exposure • May be followed up with collection of more detailed data – social networks, type and nature of use • Questionnaire allows more detailed assessment of frequency (almost everyday, once a week, less) • Further analyze, compare by gender • Supplement educational level with other mass media information • May be used as a valuable independent variable for analyzing outcomes

14. Life Satisfaction(Subjective Well-Being)

15. Background: Subjective Well-Being • Subjective perceptions of well-being play an important role, autonomously from objective conditions, such as income, health • Can help create a fuller picture of well-being • Life satisfaction: summation of evaluation regarding a person’s life as a whole • Happiness – a fleeting, transient condition that can be affected by numerous current factors (weather, recent incident) • Life satisfaction and happiness are sometimes used interchangeably • Perceptions of a better life is also an important correlate of both life satisfaction and happiness

16. Background: Subjective Well-Being • All of these (life satisfaction, happiness and perceptions of a better life) complete a large portion of subjective well-being • Life satisfaction included in Human Development Report in 2010 • Reports on a scale out of 10, on job, health, standard of living, purposeful life, treatment with respect, social support network

17. Subjective well-being: Life satisfaction • Individual items reported – very or somewhat satisfied • Percentage who are not attending school, who do not have a job, and who do not income separately reported

18. Life satisfaction and happiness • Indicator: Women who are very or somewhat satisfied with family life, friendships, school, current job, health, where they live, how they are treated by others, and how they look

19. Life satisfaction and happiness • Average score = mean of responses to domains included in calculation of indicator • Not calculated if missing values for more than half of domains

20. Life satisfaction and happiness • Correlates with perception of “ultimate well-being” (income), as well as happiness

21. Perceptions of a better life • Hopelessness prevalent among youth in middle income countries • The relationship between perceptions of improvement during last year and hope for the next year

22. Perceptions of a better life

23. Further analysis • Correlate with measures of objective well-being: income, education, wealth • Identify groups and compare life satisfaction: Does vulnerability correlate with life satisfaction? • Correlate happiness and perceptions with tobacco and alcohol abuse • Use as dependent variables: Determinants of satisfaction, happiness, and hope

24. Use of tobacco and alcohol

25. Background: Use of tobacco and alcohol • Tobacco: known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, lung and other cancers • Alcohol abuse is a serious problem in many countries. Associated with: • increasedrisk of accidents, cirrhosis, hypertension, psychological illnesses, and congenital malformations. Aggravates risk of family problems

26. Background: Use of tobacco and alcohol • Information collected: • Ever and current use of cigarettes and the age at which cigarette smoking first started • Ever and current use of smoked and smokeless tobacco products • The intensity of use, of cigarettes, and smoked and smokeless tobacco products • Ever and current use of alcohol, and intensity of use • Both in women and men’s questionnaires

27. Background: Use of tobacco • Any intensity of tobacco use is considered a (potential) health problem (Indicator TA.1) • Intensity is directly correlated with poor health outcomes • Early initiation increases length of exposure

28. Tobacco use

29. Tobacco use • Trends in initiation can be estimated from age cohorts

30. Alcohol use

31. Further analysis • Joint analysis of tobacco and alcohol use • Correlate with measures of life satisfaction, happiness, perceptions of better life • Comparisons of ever and current use of tobacco use may be indicative of reversing trends • Sex differentials by social/economic groups • Children and mother’s smoking habits • Any correlation of alcohol with domestic violence?