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Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

Psychosocial Development in Adolescence. Dr. Arra PSY 232. Adolescence. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development Identity vs. Identity Confusion The major personality achievement of adolescence Crucial step toward becoming a productive, happy adult. Adolescence.

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Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

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  1. Psychosocial Development in Adolescence Dr. Arra PSY 232

  2. Adolescence Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development • Identity vs. Identity Confusion • The major personality achievement of adolescence • Crucial step toward becoming a productive, happy adult

  3. Adolescence Constructing an identity • Defining who you are • What you value • The directions you choose to pursue in life

  4. Adolescence • According to Erikson, some teenagers may experience an identity crisis • This is a temporary period of confusion and distress as they experiment with alternatives before settling on values and goals • Adolescents then develop a mature identity • Identity is always being refined and adjusted • Recent researchers see this as more of a time of exploration and less of a time of crisis

  5. Adolescence IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT (Marcia, 1980) • Four categories that reflect adolescents progress in developing a mature identity 1) Identity Achievement: have explored alternatives; are committed to a clearly formed set of goals and values; feel psychological well-being; feel comfortable in who they are and where they are going

  6. Adolescence IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT (STATUS) 2) Moratorium: delay or holding pattern; individuals have not yet made commitments; are exploring, gathering information, trying out new activities; they desire to find values and goals to guide their lives

  7. Adolescence IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT (Status) 3) Identity foreclosure: individuals have committed themselves to values and goals without exploring alternatives; they accept a ready-made identity that parents, teachers have chosen for them

  8. Adolescence IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT (Status) 4) Identity diffusion: individuals lack clear direction; are not committed to values and goals; are not actively trying to reach/attain values and goals; haven’t explored alternatives

  9. Adolescence • MORAL DEVELOPMENT • Kohlberg • Heinz Dillema STAGES • Preconventional • Conventional • Postconventional

  10. Adolescence Limitations of Kohlberg’s Work • Sex biased?? • Carol Gilligan • Justice/right & wrong vs. care, compassion • Recent research indicates that men and women operate using justice and care perspectives, therefore putting into question Gilligan’s findings, and also making Kohlberg’s work more valid across sex

  11. Adolescence PEER RELATIONS • Adolescents are more selective in making friendships than in earlier ages • Adolescents seek intimate friendships; one’s characterized by psychological closeness, trust, and mutual understanding • Therefore, self-disclosure between friends increases

  12. Adolescence PEER RELATIONS • Loyalty is also very important in friendships • Friends tend to be alike in identity status, educational aspirations, political beliefs, and willingness to try drugs and break laws • Girls can gather just to talk • Boys are more activity oriented

  13. Adolescence PEER RELATIONS • Friendships provide the opportunity to explore the self and develop an understanding of another • Friendships provide a foundation for future intimate relations • Friendships help adolescents deal with the stresses of adolescence

  14. Adolescence PEER RELATIONS • Cliques: early teenage years; small groups of 5-7 members who are good friends, and resemble one another with regards to SES and values; help adolescents develop social skills • Crowd: larger more loosely organized groups (jocks, preppies, burnouts…..); provide adolescents with an identity

  15. Adolescence DELINQUENCY • Adolescents who engage in illegal acts • Account for 17% of police arrests • Mostly petty crimes • Difficult temperament, low intelligence, poor school performance, and peer rejection in childhood are all characteristics of delinquent adolescents

  16. Adolescence DELINQUENCY • ODD • CD • Antisocial Disorder

  17. Adolescence DELINQUENCY • Prevention and Treatment • Early intervention • At-risk children • Parenting style • Family life • Good schools

  18. Adolescence DELINQUENCY • Good community • Positive role-models • $$ • Individual therapy • Group therapy • Day treatment centers

  19. Adolescence DELINQUENCY • Special classrooms • Work experience programs • Summer camps • Teach social skills • Difficult to treat (clinical examples) • Can develop into a personality disorder

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