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Sleep and Human Performance

BioEd Online. Sleep and Human Performance. David F. Dinges, PhD Team Leader Neurobehavioral and Psychosocial Factors National Space Biomedical Research Institute

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Sleep and Human Performance

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  1. BioEd Online Sleep and Human Performance David F. Dinges, PhD Team Leader Neurobehavioral and Psychosocial Factors National Space Biomedical Research Institute Professor of Psychiatry Division of Sleep and Chronobiology Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

  2. BioEd Online Human Genetic Molecular “Clock” Sleep-wake cycles are controlled by a genetic 24-hour “clock” in our brains that influences our performance, moods and physiological functions. Cross section image shows the light-sensitive melatonin receptor cells on the biological “clock” (red areas) in the human brain. 24-hour cycle SCN Melatonin receptor binding on the human suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (courtesy of David Weaver) Sunset over North America Feb.1, 2003

  3. BioEd Online Complex Animals Sleep and Need Sleep to Survive

  4. BioEd Online Volunteer Live Laboratory Sleep Studies • The effects of sleep deprivation have been investigated scientifically by having healthy young adults go without sleep while undergoing continuous physiological monitoring of brain activity and performance. 24 hr EEG, EOG, ECG, EMG 24 hr core body temperature 24h blood draws 24 hr blood draws 24 hr behavioral monitoring Courtesy of David F. Dinges, PhD

  5. BioEd Online Sleep Performance Laboratory 24 hr Performance Testing Computer test batteries are used to evaluate volunteer brain functioning. 24 hr Infrared Monitoring Courtesy of David F. Dinges, PhD

  6. BioEd Online There are Differences Among People in the Duration of Sleep Needed • Studies indicate adolescents (ages 13-21 years) generally need more sleep per day (8.5-10 hours) than do most adults (7-8 hours). • Adolescents are vulnerable to sleep loss by having poor sleep habits due to staying up too late studying, playing or socializing. • Excessive daytime sleepiness is a problem in adolescents; it often reflects a sleep debt resulting from inadequate sleep duration at night. • Adolescents have sleep disorders that further limit their sleep time. These can include the following (among others). • Delayed sleep phase syndrome = unable to fall asleep until early morning and unable to wake up until late morning • Insomnia = difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep • Obstructive sleep apnea = cessation of breathing during sleep

  7. BioEd Online Sleep Latency = Sleep Propensity = Sleepiness • Latencies from wake to stage 1 non-REM sleep (Aw-S1) and to stage 2 non REM sleep (Aw-S2), and from stage 2 to slow wave sleep (S2-SWS) become exponentially shorter as the need for sleep increases. Dinges, D. F. (1986)

  8. posterior parietal cortex prefrontal cortex thalamus Brain Imaging Studies PET imaging can provide information about metabolic activity in the brain. Sites of reduced brain activity resulting from sleep deprivation, as revealed by PET imaging. Schema of PET acquisition process

  9. Zone of impaired performance Repeated days of sleep restriction BioEd Online “Sleep debt” results from sleeping less than needed to be fully alert and at your best performance. Repeated nights of sleep restricted to less than 8 hours time in bed (TIB) resulted in cumulative cognitive deficits that were equal to those found after 1 and 2 nights without any sleep. Lapses of attention during performance (slow reaction times) Performance errors equal to being awake 40-64 hours Performance errors equal to being awake 24-40 hours Normal alert performance Van Dongen, H. P. A., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M. & Dinges, D. F. (2003).

  10. Escalating occurrence of accidents across the night shift from 0:00hr to 8:00hr 450 400 350 300 Number of Crashes 250 200 150 100 50 0 0:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 Time of Day BioEd Online Risk of Drowsy Driving Crashes in Adolescents/Young Adults Pack, A. I., Pack, A. M., Rodgman, E., Cucchiara, A., Dinges, D. F., & Schwab, C. W. (1995). Adapted 2007

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