Main Author: Quách Huy Thông Project Manager - Vietnam National University Co–author: Dr.Ranjith Perera

1. Main Author: Quách Huy Thông Project Manager - Vietnam National University Co–author: Dr.Ranjith Perera Coordinator, Urban Environmental Management Field of Study, Asian Institute of Technology, and Director SEA-UEMA (2003-2008)

2. Bat Trang is a famous ceramic-producing village and it became a ceramics center for the rich local deposits of white clay • Approx. 1200 families produce ceramics using coal fired kiln • For centuries Bat Trang ceramics are exported to Japan, China, other countries of Southeast Asia, and Europe • Coal fired kilns are polluting the ambient environment of Bat Trang • Main pollutants are: dust, smoke, and particulate matter • pottery industries are also generating solid waste (slug, clinked, broken products…) and Waste water (Enameling and clay preparation). • People are suffering from various respiratory and other diseases.

3. Demonstrating an affordable alternativeforreduction of air pollution and solid waste A demonstration project had been initiated in 2004 to introduce cleaner technology with the financial support from the Southeast Asia Urban Environmental Management Applications Project (funded by the CIDA) Strategy: • Reduce air pollution, decrease consumption of coal and firewood, and thus decrease the volume the solid waste (clinkers, ash and damaged ceramics) produce from traditional ceramic industry • Maximize the benefit by grouping 3 households to share a gas kiln • Promote to replicate the project idea for better air quality in the ceramic manufacturing village.

4. Cleaner Technology to reduce environmental Pollution from the ceramic industry Solid waste management Reduce air pollution Waste water management Alternative type of kiln ( use natural Gas) Project site: Ceramic village At Bat Trang, Hanoi Support: Financial and Technical • - Reduce air pollution • - Decrease consumption • of coal and fired wood • Decrease volume of waste • Maximize the use of gas kiln • Reduce the production cost • - Decide the issue of • affordability for cleaner technology Group 3 coal-fired kiln households • - Mobilize the women group • at community • Reduce the effect • of air pollution on • women health

5. Project area • Geographical features • Position: in southeast suburbs of Hanoi, on the Red river bank, convenient for transportation on both land and water. • Area: 1.640.297 m2 • Climate: tropical monsoon • Population: 7200 • Number of households: 1650 • Number of households producing pottery: 1205 • The rest area engaged in trading, services and farming • History of development – 500 years • Technology of production: • Traditional  Coal fired kilns : 1000 • Modern  Gas-fired kilns: 295 • Annual revenue: 30 millions USD from selling pottery products and tourism • Problem: Environmental pollution

6. Situation exist at the project Site • on average Bat 200 kilns are in operation at Bat Trang • consume 120 tons of coal. • Pottery units at Bat Trang consume 4200 tons of coal per year. • The average temp in Bat Trang is always 1.5C – 3C higher than average temp in Hanoi. • Short stacks and high emission results in very high concentration of pollution in this area due to poor ventilation and the natural wind. For example, if Bat Trang uses 120 tons of coal per day will discharge to the ambient are 5.76 tons of dust, 28.8 tons of ash and 25.08 tons of air pollution (SOx, COx)

7. Preliminary survey to identify the current status of the site Building a Gas-fired kiln for group of 3 households Discussion with Local authority about the new technology Involve women in implementation process Workshop to disseminate the results. Project Implementation Process “Gas-fired kiln has helped us deal with the problems of the high energy cost, scarcity of firewood and environmental pollution. In comparison with traditional kiln, the operation of the new kiln is easier and simpler. With this success, we plan to replace the remaining ones with this new technology. By doing this, production cost will be considerably reduced.” Nguyen Van Ao, Chairman of Bat Trang People Committee

8. Fire products Pile products Unload products The pottery manufacturing process The main manufacturing process Stage of manufacturing products Preparing making lines Raw wares Form making Drying and repairing Drying yard & kiln dryer Waste water Enamel making Glozing wares Decorate and painting Enamel Cover Cover printed Air pollution Fuel preparing Burning Products classifying Finished products Standard products Substandard products Market Reuse Solid waste

9. Data of pottery processing in Bat Trang

10. Coal consumption and pollution emission in Bat Trang Charcoal: 1200kg/batch Coal consumption per hour : 41.38kg/h Pollution emission to ambient by a coal-fired kiln: CO and CO2 : 34m3/h = 816m3/per day SO2 : 0.29m3/h = 6.96m3/per day O2 consumption: 2.74m3/h = 65.76m3/per day Gas-fired air samples checking results

11. Result of air sample checking Loại máy đo: Ditochmous, Hi-Volume, Air Monitor

12. Health data in Bat Trang Source: Bat Trang Clinic 2002

13. Effect of Cleaner technology-Gas fired kiln • Gas-fired kiln • Cleaner and non-pollution • Short time for production • Temperature controlled •  decrease • Smaller, flexible, easy to operation • Short time and easy for unload products • Low labor cost • High building cost • Coal-fired Kiln • Dirty, pollution • Require long time for production • Uncontrolled temperature increase substandard products • Tall, huge, difficult to upload raw products • Takes time to reload products, • High labor cost • Lower building cost

14. Effect of Gas Fired Cleaner technology kiln

15. Impact on women • Conversion to the cleaner technology not only reduced the pollution but also helped in improving people’s health. • According site survey, women in the community spend 80 % day time for house and ceramics producing works. Coal-fired kiln operating in house area will impact directly to people, who live in these houses, especially to women and children. Project is contributing to improve women’s health • enhance women quality of life • Facilitated women’s role in making a decision in terms of environmental protection at the community.

16. Gas-fired kiln

17. Cleaner Tech -easy to use -cleaner fuel -small & flexible - High quality - High productivity Traditional Tech -conventional, backward -fossil fuel -large and inflexible -low quality -low productivity Pottery Kiln Affordability Low income household Government policies New mode of production Unaffordability - Giving bank loan with low rate of interest - Returning to the bank step by step - Providing finance for training and retraining tradesmen - Supporting in manufacturing good quality pottery Cleaner technology, affordability and policies

18. Comparison of gas kilns and coal-fired kilns

19. Concluding remark Supporting policies New mode of production Use of cleaner technology Improved quality of production Increased no. of tourists Increased revenue Green tax Sound Environmental management Sustainable development

20. Thank You !