Democratic Policies, Religious Revival and Reform

1. Democratic Policies, Religious Revival and Reform Chapter 10 1824-1840

2. Introduction Questions • How were Americans democratized between 1800 and 1840? • Why was Andrew Jackson so popular with voters? • How and why did Democratic and Whig parties emerge? • What new assumptions about human nature did religious and reform leaders in the 1830’s make?

3. The Rise of Democratic Politics 1824-1840 • Introduction • Republican Party is fragmenting because of pressures produced by industrialization in the North, the spread of cotton growing in the South and westward expansion • Those who retained Jefferson’s distrust of a strong federal government and preferred state’s rights became Democrats • Those who favored an active federal government became Whigs • Both Democrats and Whigs appealed to the common man to support them

4. Democratic Ferment • Property qualifications for voting were eliminated • Written Ballots replaced voting aloud • The minority party sought to increase the number of voters to attempt to turn itself into the majority party

5. The Election of 1824 • Four Republicans Run • Andrew Jackson received the most electoral votes but not a majority calls Adams election the “Corrupt Bargain” • John Quincy Adams is elected for the Presidency by the House of Representatives • William Crawford dies during the election • Henry Clay is named Secretary of State by John Quincy Adams after Clay supports his Presidency in the House of Representatives

7. John Quincy Adams as President • Tried to encourage economic growth • Did not communicate with other members of his political party and had a hard time as President

8. The Rise of Andrew Jackson • Battle of New Orleans made Jackson a National hero • Jackson was a political outsider • Jackson and Martin Van Buren referred to themselves as Democrats • Democrats nominated Jackson for President in 1828 • Those who supported Adams called themselves National Republicans

10. The Election of 1828 • Jackson is portrayed as a man of the people • Adams is labeled as an aristocrat • South and Southwest voted for Jackson • North voted for Adams • Mudslinging

11. Jackson in Office • Spoils System • Opposed Federal monies for internal improvements, vetoed Marysville Road project • Southerners supported the Indian Removal Act of 1830 but did not like that Jackson did nothing against the Tariff of 1828

13. Nullification • Led to a break between Jackson and his VP John C. Calhoun • Calhoun argued that tariffs were unconstitutional and therefore the Southern states did not have to follow (nullify) them

14. The Bank Veto and the Election of 1832 • Jackson did not like the National Bank, he thought it was a monopoly • Nation’s Bank controlled the nation’s credit and was a depository for federal monies • National Bank was run by private stockholders • Nicholas Biddle was the head of the bank and asked that the bank be re-chartered in 1832 • Jackson vetoed the bill • Jackson and Van Buren run for re election • National Republicans run Henry Clay- American System • Jackson wins easily

15. The Bank Controversy and the Second Party System 1833-1840 • The War on the Bank • Jackson tries to bankrupt the National Bank by removing federal monies and depositing them in state banks of his choice • Jackson’s state banks are called pet banks because their leaders supported Jackson • The State Banks issued credit and paper money which led to rapid inflation and speculation

17. The Rise of Whig Opposition • National Republicans changed their name to Whigs during Jackson's second term • Southerners that were angry over the tariff issue, temperance and public school reformers, anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic Protestants, commercial merchants and bankers and manufacturers supported the Whigs

18. The Election of 1836 • Martin Van Buren runs as a Democrat- wins a clear majority • Whigs run 4 candidates • William Henry Harrison • Hugh L. White • Daniel Webster • Willie Person Mangum

20. The Panic of 1837 • Economy goes into a severe depression • Jackson’s bank policies create inflation and speculation • Specie Circular- Government owned land may only be purchased with gold

21. The Search for Solutions • Independent Treasury Bill 1840- Federal government will stay out of banking and federal monies will be kept in National treasury

22. The Election of 1840 • Democrats choose Van Buren again • Whigs choose William Henry Harrison and John Tyler (Tippecanoe and Tyler too) • Harrison runs as the Jackson look alike man of the people and wins

24. The Second Party System Matures • Number of people voting increase by 60% • Popular campaigning techniques • Strong contrast between parties • Tariffs • Banking

25. The Rise of Popular Religion • Introduction • American Preachers reject the Calvinist doctrine of Predestination • Message of salvation becomes more individualistic • Second Great Awakening begins

26. The Second Great Awakening • Religious camp meetings • Methodists are most successful • Helped promote law and order in the West

27. Eastern Revivals • New York • Burned Over District • Charles G. Finney • Slave Owners were sinners

28. Critics of the Revivals: The Unitarians • New England educated and economic elite were turned off my the emotionalism and turned to Unitarianism • Goodness is cultivated by a gradual process of character building and living by the teachings of Jesus

29. The Rise of Mormonism • Joseph Smith- 1820’s • Founded Nauvoo Illinois • Polygamy • Mob attacks the group and kills Smith • Mormons must separate themselves from the rest of America • Brigham Young- Utah

30. The Shakers • Mother Ann Lee • Rejected economic individuality • No marriages or reproduction • Shaking with the Spirit during services

31. The Age of Reform • Reform Movement was strongest in New England and areas affected by the Second Great Awakening

32. The War on Liquor • Temperance began by preaching moderation in the use of liquor • American Temperance Society began to demand total abstinence and prohibition • Most members were middle class • Alcohol consumption was cut in half from 1820-1840

33. Public Schools Reform • Horace Mann advocated education reform • State supported public schools • Grouping students by age • Longer school terms • Standardized textbooks • Compulsory attendance • Businesses wanted educated workers • Workingmen saw education as a road to mobility • Women wanted education to open careers for women • 1900-70% of teachers were women

34. Abolition • William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator 1831 • American Anti-slavery Society- 1833 • Main argument between anti-slavery groups was women’s rights • Constitutional issues of right to freedom of expression and petition • South on the defensive

35. Women’s Rights • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott- Seneca Falls convention 1841 • Declaration of Sentiments launched the feminist movement

36. Penitentiaries and Asylums • Proper discipline could solve the problems of crime, poverty and deviancy • Dorothea Dix • Punishment vs. Rehabilitation

37. Utopian Communities • New Harmony • Hopedale • Brook Farm • Based upon ideal or utopian ideals

38. Conclusion • 1820-1840 politics and religion respond to the common man • Jackson is elected by the common man, but his stance on internal improvements, protective tariffs, nullification and the national bank divided citizens and led to a 2 party system • The Panic of 1837 furthered the divide in American Politics • Reformers try to improve America idealistically to advance their aims