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TOPIC 2.2 - WATER

TOPIC 2.2 - WATER. 2.2 – A- Hydrogen Bonds. IB BIO – 2.2. 3. Understandings U1: Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them. Water molecules consists of two types of atoms: Oxygen (8 protons) Hydrogen (1 proton)

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TOPIC 2.2 - WATER

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  1. TOPIC 2.2 - WATER

  2. 2.2 – A- Hydrogen Bonds

  3. IB BIO – 2.2 3 Understandings • U1: Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them. Water molecules consists of two types of atoms: • Oxygen (8 protons) • Hydrogen (1 proton) • Because of the difference in protons, oxygen attractshydrogen’s electronstowards it. • This creates partially positive and negative sidesof the molecule. This isknown as being polar. Key Terms Polar http://www.gridgit.com/postpic/2013/09/water-molecule-structure-polarity_226071.jpg

  4. IB BIO – 2.2 4 Understandings • U1: Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them. Since water is polar, it has slightly positive and negative poles. In diagrams, this is shown using the delta symbol (δ). Even though electrons are not distributed equally WITHIN the molecule, water is neutral (no charge) overall. Key Terms Polar http://www.oakparkusd.org/cms/lib5/CA01000794/Centricity/Domain/934/Properties%20of%20Water%20FUND.pdf

  5. IB BIO – 2.2 5 Understandings • U1: Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them. When water molecules are near each other, hydrogen bonds form between them. These H-bonds result from the electric attraction between the slightly-positive H’s and slightly-negative O’s. H-bonds are weaker than covalent bonds since the molecules are only attracted to each other. Key Terms Hydrogen Bond http://www.clearbiology.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Hydrogen-Bonds-Colored-JC_2012.png

  6. IB BIO – 2.2 6 Understandings • U3: Substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Since water is polar, it can form H-bonds with other polarmolecules. This is seen in the phospholipid bilayer. • Hydrophilic (water-loving) substances are polar and so are attracted to water. This allows them to dissolve in water. • Hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances are not polar and so do NOT form H-bonds with water. They are insoluble. Key Terms Hydrophilic Hydrophobic http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_biomol_23.png

  7. IB BIO – 2.2 7 Understandings • U3: Substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Phospholipid Structure Key Terms Hydrophilic Hydrophobic http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_biomol_23.png

  8. IB BIO – 2.2 8 REVIEW • Describe the polar nature of water. • Define hydrogen bond. • Outline the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. • Define hydrophilic. • Define hydrophobic. • Compare the structure of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.

  9. 2.2 – B – Properties of Water

  10. IB BIO – 2.2 10 INTRO The hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules give them a number of properties that are vital to organisms. These properties include: • Cohesive • Adhesive • Thermal • Solvent https://wallpaperspal.xyz/wp-content/uploads/Polar-Bears-On-Iceberg-Wallpaper.jpg

  11. IB BIO – 2.2 11 Understandings • U2: Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. The H-bonds between water molecules results in water being cohesive. This means the molecules naturally ‘stick’ together. Key Terms Cohesive Many organisms depend on this property for a habitat. Insects like the one above are able to stand on water due to surface tension that cohesion creates. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/w2KQvPr7ypA/maxresdefault.jpg

  12. IB BIO – 2.2 12 Understandings • U2: Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. Plants also use cohesion to transport water molecules from the ground through to the top of the plant. As molecules move up through the tissues, hydrogen bonds cause them to ‘pull’ the molecules behind them. This makes water transportation much easier. Key Terms Cohesive http://image.slidesharecdn.com/03waterandlife-130311053237-phpapp02/95/03-water-and-life-8-638.jpg

  13. IB BIO – 2.2 13 Understandings • U2: Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. • Along with cohesion, adhesion allows plants to transport water in columngs against gravity. Hydrogen bonding also allows water to ‘stick’ to other substances. This property is called adhesion. Key Terms Adhesion http://image.slidesharecdn.com/03waterandlife-130311053237-phpapp02/95/03-water-and-life-8-638.jpg

  14. IB BIO – 2.2 14 Understandings • U2: Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. An object’s temperature is related to the rate at which molecules vibrate. As energy is added, vibrations and temperature increase. However, H-bonds hold water molecules together and slows vibration. So, more energy is needed to increase the temperature of bodies of water. Key Terms https://d2gne97vdumgn3.cloudfront.net/api/file/nq42iyAQduHiTj2FmCty

  15. IB BIO – 2.2 15 Understandings • U2: Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. • The specific heat of a substance is the energy required to increase 1g by 1°C. Water’s specific heat is 4.18 J/g°C, which is higher than most common materials. Key Terms Specific Heat http://schooltube-thumbnails.s3.amazonaws.com/bb/ef/b1/c6/7c/fe/bbefb1c6-7cfe-11e1-a681-001c23dcdfb5_lg.jpg

  16. IB BIO – 2.2 16 Understandings • U2: Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. Water’s high specific heat allows it to be a stable environment for marine organisms. Air temperatures can change quickly, but water bodies are slow to cool or warm. Key Terms Specific Heat http://img.wallpaperfolder.com/f/4BA4D3AA7388/frozen-lake-pc-pictures.jpg

  17. IB BIO – 2.2 17 Understandings • U2: Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. Because of its hydrogen bonds, water also has a high latent heat of vaporization, which is the energy required for it to evaporate. Key Terms Latent Heat of Vaporization https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-0fc1afe850aedcaa47a7a899c87f2eaa?convert_to_webp=true

  18. IB BIO – 2.2 18 Applications A2: Use of water in sweat as a coolant. Water’s high latent heat of vaporization allows organisms to use it as a coolant. When body temperature increases, sweat builds on the skin. The water molecules absorb heat from the skin until it evaporates. This energy is carried away and the body is cooled. Key Terms Sweat http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1282490/images/o-SWEAT-BODYWEIGHT-facebook.jpg

  19. IB BIO – 2.2 19 Applications • A1: Comparison of the thermal properties of water with those of methane. The following chart compares the thermal properties of water to that of methane, a non-polar molecule. Since methane is non-polar, it has a lower specific heat and latent heat of vaporization. Key Terms http://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/water-versus-methane_med.jpeg

  20. IB BIO – 2.2 20 Understandings • U2: Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. Because water is polar, it has the ability to surround and dissolve other ionic or polar molecules. This makes water an effective solvent. As a result, organisms can use water as a medium for reactions (cytoplasm) and also for transport (blood). Key Terms Solvent https://dr282zn36sxxg.cloudfront.net/datastreams/

  21. IB BIO – 2.2 21 Understandings • U2: Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. Water’s Properties Key Terms Solvent

  22. IB BIO – 2.2 22 REVIEW • Outline the following properties of water and how they are useful to organisms:- Cohesive- Solvent- Thermal- Adhesive

  23. 2.2 – C – Blood Transport

  24. IB BIO – 2.2 24 INTRO Blood is primarily composed of water, which makes it an effectivemedium for transporting substances throughout the body. https://aos.iacpublishinglabs.com/question/aq/1400px-788px/six-substances-transported-blood_886ff9a087438ce0.jpg

  25. IB BIO – 2.2 25 Applications • A3: Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water. Glucose is a polar molecule and so is hydrophilic. It can freely dissolve in blood plast and is easily transported through the body. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound. It dissociates into Na+ and Cl- in the blood plasma and then flows freely. Key Terms Glucose Sodium Chloride http://www.eyecandoit.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/7.jpg

  26. IB BIO – 2.2 26 Applications • A3: Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water. The R group of an amino acid determines how soluble it is. All aresoluble, however some are more hydrophilic/phobic than others. Key Terms Amino Acids http://www.compoundchem.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/20-Common-Amino-Acids-v3.png

  27. IB BIO – 2.2 27 Applications • A3: Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water. • Oxygen (O2) is non-polar and is not able to efficiently dissolve. To meet the needs of cell respiration, hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to O2 and transports it throughout the body. Key Terms Oxygen https://bhavanajagat.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/whole-dude-whole-pigments-hemoglobin.jpg

  28. IB BIO – 2.2 28 Applications • A3: Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water. Fats are large and nonpolar, which makes them insoluble. Instead of dissolving, they are carried in lipoprotein complexes. These complexes are surronded by a single layer of phospholipids. This layer allows it to dissolve and carry the hydrophobic contents throughout the body. Key Terms Fats Lipoprotein Complex https://blog.lecturio.com/wp-content/uploads/Structure-of-a-Lipoprotein.jpg

  29. IB BIO – 2.2 29 Applications • A3: Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water. Cholesterol molecules are small, but they insoluble due to a large hydrophobic region. So, they are carried in lipoprotein complexes along with fats. They are embedded in the tails of phospholipids. Key Terms Cholesterol https://blog.lecturio.com/wp-content/uploads/Structure-of-a-Lipoprotein.jpg

  30. IB BIO – 2.2 30 REVIEW • Outline how the following are transported through the blood:- Glucose- Oxygen- Amino Acids- Sodium Chloride- Fats- Cholesterol

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