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Network Media and network hardware

Network Media and network hardware. Mujtaba Jawed mujtabajawed786@gmail.com. Network Media.

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Network Media and network hardware

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  1. Network Media and network hardware Mujtaba Jawed mujtabajawed786@gmail.com

  2. NetworkMedia • This section identifies some of the constraints that should be considered when provisioning various LAN media types. It covers the physical specifications of Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet. • Ethernet – The protocol used to communicate by the computers, associated devices, and networking devices.

  3. Ethernet Design Rules • Ethernet is the underlying basis for the technologies most widely used in LANs. • In the 1980s , 1990s • 10-Mbps Ethernet • Digital, Intel, and Xerox (DIX Ethernet Version II) and IEEE 802.3 working group. • The IEEE 802.3-2002 standard contains physical specifications for Ethernet technologies through 10 Gbps.

  4. IEEE 802.3 Standard

  5. 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet Design Rules • IEEE introduced the IEEE 802.3u-1995 standard to provide Ethernet speeds of 100 Mbps over UTP and fiber cabling. • Specification for Fast Ethernet • 100BASE-TX • 100BASE-T4 • 100BASE-FX

  6. 100BASE-TX Fast Ethernet • The 100BASE-TX specification uses CAT 5 UTP wiring. • Like 10BASE-T, Fast Ethernet uses only two pairs of the four-pair UTP wiring. • Transmission over CAT 5 UTP wire • RJ-45 connector (the same as in 10BASE-T) • Punch-down blocks in the wiring closet must be CAT 5 certified

  7. 100BASE-T4 Fast Ethernet • The 100BASE-T4 specification was developed to support UTP wiring at the CAT 3 level. • Transmission over CAT 3, 4 or CAT 5. • Three pairs are used for transmission, and the fourth pair is used for collision detection.

  8. 100BASE-FX Fast Ethernet • The 100BASE-FX specification for fiber is as follows: • It operates over two strands of multimode or single-mode fiber cabling. • It can transmit over greater distances than copper media. • It uses media interface connector (MIC), Stab and Twist (ST), or Stab and Click (SC) fiber connectors defined for FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) and 10BASE-FX networks.

  9. Gigabit Ethernet Design Rules • Gigabit Ethernet was first specified by two standards: • IEEE 802.3z-1998 and 802.3ab-1999. • The IEEE 802.3z standard specifies the operation of Gigabit Ethernet over fiber and coaxial cable. • The IEEE 802.3ab standard specified the operation of Gigabit Ethernet over CAT 5 UTP.

  10. Specifications for Gigabit Ethernet • 1000BASE-LX • 1000BASE-SX • 1000BASE-CX • 1000BASE-T

  11. 1000BASE-LX Long-Wavelength Gigabit Ethernet • IEEE 1000BASE-LX uses long-wavelength optics over a pair of fiber strands. The specifications are as follows: • Uses long wave (1300 nanometers [nm]). • Use on multimode or single-mode fiber. • Maximum lengths for multimode fiber are • 62.5-micrometer fiber: 440 m • 50-micrometer fiber: 550 m • Maximum length for single-mode fiber (9 micrometers) is 5 km.

  12. 1000BASE-SX Short-Wavelength Gigabit Ethernet • IEEE 1000BASE-SX uses short-wavelength optics over a pair of multimode fiber strands. • The specifications are as follows: • Uses short wave (850 nm) • Use on multimode fiber • Maximum lengths: • 62.5-micrometer fiber: 260 m • 50-micrometer fiber: 550 m

  13. 1000BASE-CX Gigabit Ethernet over Coaxial Cable • IEEE 1000BASE-CX standard is for short copper runs between servers. The specification is as follows: • Used on short-run copper • Runs over a pair of coaxial cables • Maximum length 25 m • Mainly for server connections

  14. 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet over UTP • The IEEE standard for 1000-Mbps Ethernet over CAT 5 UTP was IEEE 802.3ab; it was approved in June 1999. • It is now included in IEEE 802.3-2002. • This standard uses the four pairs in the cable. • CAT 5, four-pair UTP. • Maximum length 100 m. • 1 byte is sent over the four pairs at 1250 MHz.

  15. 10 Gigabit Ethernet Design Rules • The IEEE 802.3ae supplement to the 802.3 standard, published in August 2002, specifies the standard for 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE). • It is defined for full-duplex operation over optical media, UTP, and copper. • The IEEE 802.3an standard provides the specifications for running 10GE over UTP cabling. • Hubs or repeaters cannot be used. • It allows the use of Ethernet frames over distances typically in metropolitan-area networks (MAN) and wide-area networks (WAN). • Other uses include • data centers, • corporate backbones • server farms.

  16. LAN Hardware • This section covers the hardware devices and how to apply them to LAN design. • Devices can be placed in the LAN depending on their roles and capabilities. • LAN devices are categorized based on how they operate in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

  17. Hub • With the increasing density of LANs in the late 1980s and early 1990s, hubs were introduced to concentrate thinnet and 10BASE-T networks in the wiring closet. • Hubs operate on the physical layer of the OSI model and perform the same functions as basic repeaters. The difference is that hubs have more ports than basic repeaters.

  18. Repeaters • Repeaters are the basic unit in networks that connect separate segments. • Repeaters take incoming frames, regenerate the preamble, amplify the signals, and send the frame out all other interfaces. • Repeaters operate at the physical layer of the OSI model. • Repeaters are unaware of packets or frame formats, they do not control broadcasts or collision domains. • Repeaters are said to be protocol-transparent because they are unaware of upper-layer protocols such as IP, and so on.

  19. Repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI model, as illustrated on the Repeater and OSI Diagram, the job of a repeater is to repeat bits.If a "1" bit is received on the input port of a repeater, a "1" bit is regenerated at the output of the repeater. Similarly, if a "0" bit is received on the input port of a repeater, a "0" bit is regenerated at the output of the repeater. 

  20. 5-4-3 Rule One basic rule of using Ethernet repeaters is the 5-4-3 Rule. The maximum path between two stations on the network should not be more than five segments, with four repeaters between those segments, and no more than three populated segments. Repeaters introduce a small amount of latency, or delay, when propagating the frames.

  21. Bridges • Operates in data link layer • Division of large networks into two or more network for efficient networks • Monitor the traffic on both sides of network • Mostly used in LANs • Broadcast in one network limited to that network only • Bridges control the collision domains on the network. • Bridges also learn the MAC addresses of each node on each segment and on which interface they are located.

  22. Switches • Switches are dedicated, specialized computers; • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Operating System • A switch can be managed by connecting to the console port to view and make changes to the configuration. • Switches use specialized integrated circuits to reduce the latency common to regular bridges. • Switches are the evolution of bridges.

  23. Switches are data link layer devices. • They are transparent to protocols operating at the network layer and above. • Each port on a switch is a separate collision domain but is part of the same broadcast domain. • Switches do not control broadcasts on the network. • Switches can also use VLANs to provide more segmentation. • Switches provide full bandwidth in each direction when configured in duplex mode.

  24. Routers • Routers make forwarding decisions based on network layer addresses. • Each interface of a router is a separate broadcast domain. • Routers are aware of the network protocol, which means they can forward packets of routed protocols, such as IP and IPX. • Routers exchange information about destination networks using one of several routing protocols. Routers use routing protocols to build a list of destination networks and to identify the best routes to reach those destinations. • Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) • Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

  25. Layer 3 Switches • LAN switches that can run routing protocols are Layer 3 switches. • These switches can run routing protocols and communicate with neighboring routers. • They are also referred to as multilayer switches. • Layer 3 switches have LAN technology interfaces that perform network layer packet forwarding. • The use of switching technologies at the network layer greatly accelerates packet forwarding between connected LANs, including VLANs. • A "Layer 3" or "routing" switch is simply a switch that has the added ability to do Layer 3 routing, typically by partitioning sets of ports into separate virtual LANs and routing between them.

  26. LAN DevicesReview

  27. Thanks ?

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