Industrial Revolution

1. Ethan Bloomer, Mattew Lutz, Salvatore Presti Industrial Revolution

2. Russia • Decembrists planned a coup for a constitution • Nicholas took the throne, coup was unsuccessful • Westerners wanted Russia to develop with the rest of Europe • Slavophiles wanted Russia to remain “unique”

3. Austria • Magyars pushed for Hungarian independence • Hungarians pushed for a more representative parliament • This caused other Hapsburg rule countries to revolt • Were divided by class, religion, and language

4. German Confederation • Ran by ambassadors instead of an assembly • Had little power, most was still with the princes • Prussia had a reasonable hold on the politics • Zollverein – Prussian customs that promoted free trade • Unified the German Confederationeconomically

5. Spain • Formed a constitutional monarchy due to colony revolts • Disagreements between the church, the state, and the people • France invaded in 1823 • Little resistance • The constitution was disbanded after only 3 years

6. Italy • New rulers were under pressure from Napoleon’s rule • Promised constitutions, lower taxes, peace but the rulers were too insecure • Carbonari (charcoal burners) middle class men, these groups discussed Italy’ situation • Talked of peace and equality, tyranncide

7. France • The Charter – constitution from King Louis XVIII • Granted more power to legislature but also to the king • Chamber of Peers/Deputies • Ultraloyalist supported the divine-right monarchy and for emigres land to be returned • Emigres are ones who have moved out • Such people as nobility, Catholic royalist sympathizers and anti-republicans

8. A New Era • Napoleonic Era cleared way for the Revolution • Land became less of an issue • Landowners could meet the needs of the national market • Guilds abolished • Allowed workers to freely move • Replaceable parts made machines easier

9. Post-Napoleon Europe • Napoleonic code favored a open market • Favored free contracts • Standardized Weights and Measures • Napoleon caused highways and bridges to be built • Continental System collapsed with Napoleon

10. England on the Rise • Semi-stunted by Continental System • Burdened with heavy debt after war • Soldiers asking for pay • Found compensation in American markets • Suffered economic slump postwar

11. England on the Rise II • Experienced technological boom • Used large amounts of resources to gain an edge • Inventions spurred new industry • Revived others • Factories sprang up due to capital and workforce • Factories led to roads, canals, and railways

12. Scotland

13. Tech. of the Revolution • Coal: • Used because the forests were cut down • Turned into Coke coal • Iron: • New material of a new age • endorsed by the ironmaster John Wilkinson Coal on Right, Coke on Left

14. The Steam Engine • Originated as a pump for mines • Several prototypes were invented • James Watt patents the steam engine in 1782 • It was three times as efficient as the first one invented • Used gears to convert pump into engine • Produced 6 to 20 horse power • Solved the Industrial Era power crisis

16. Railroads • Steam technology applied to transportation • First railroad with engine built in 1825 • Won prestige by outracing a horse • England built up to 7000 miles of rail by 1851 • Brought about a totally new industry • Required multiple improvements to be competitive

17. Brought raw materials to factories Used in conjunction with telegraphs Railroads Brought chemical fertilizers to country, helped rural workers move to find jobs Manufactured Products to Cities, connected cities to country and other cities

18. Cotton! • 1760: 2.5 million pounds imported to England • 1830: 366 million imported to England • Textile became the largest and most important industry • Almost exclusively organized in factories • Price of cotton yarn fell to 1/20 the cost in 1760 • Lancashire and Manchester became textile capitals

20. National Differences: Start of Nationalism • Industrialization limited to Northern Europe • Areas with little coal or iron suffered • Germany largely relied on trade fairs and peddlers • Eastern Europe remained agrarian • Belgium become first industrialized nation on continent

22. Everyone Sucks Except England • France and Germany slowly developed railways • Frances production of raw material increased threefold • England’s production was still 7x more! • International financial ties began to form • National banks would give loans to one another • The banking policies of the US started a financial crisis

23. State Policies • Governments began to regulate and standardize • Railroads came under heavy regulation • Tariffs were imposed in most of Europe • When England repealed its grain tariff, it proved an economic shift • Policy was in favor of commercialists instead of land owners

24. State Policies II • Bank of England had a monopoly on money issueing • Companies were forced to register with the bank • Forced to print budget guides (prototype to quarterly reports for investors) • Corporations formed to share debts and profit

25. Governments in Society • Most cities had subsidized improvements (sidewalks, omnibuses, street lights) • As they became costly, gov’ts took over slowly • Most gov’t set up postal services

26. Government Action • Subsidized public works and maintenance • Registered patents and sponsored education • Enforced contracts and prevented strikes • English gov’t employees increased fourfold • Another factor in the rise of nationalism

28. The Crystal Palace • 1851, 1st British industrial exhibition • Built a giant greenhouse pavilion in London • Architectural milestone that attracted crowds from all over Europe • Major industrial countries brought exhibits for display

31. Who brought what: The sucky countries • Russia- raw materials (iron, coal, peat) • Austria- luxury hand crafts (furniture, musical instruments, etc.) • Germany/Italian States- luxury goods (some of the things that Austria brought except worse)

32. Who Brought what • America- fossils, soap, Colt revolvers, sewing machines, McCormick’s reaper • France- envelopes, submarines, other machines • Britain- everything everyone else brought but better

33. Social Effects • Economic growth caused social change • New social problems requiring new social policies • Rise of middle class, decline of urban poor

34. The Factory • Power of technology, transformation of cities, competition • Most dominate in production of textiles • Previously a domestic task • Efficient factories increased production • Drove older forms of production out of business • Workers driven by poverty, children & women paid less

35. Factory Life • 12 hour work day • Employers maintained efficiency through whips and fines • Poor conditions, poor health • Law in England in 1847 limited day to 10 hours • Workers had higher income than ½ all laborers • Separated work from family life

36. Differentiation • Spread of specialization among groups and institutions • Collecting taxes, inspecting factories & schools, welfare fell to separate agencies • Nations differentiated • Britain left public matters to local gov’t and private groups • France role of national gov’t increased • Germany combined centralization w/ local autonomy

37. Social Structure & Aristocracy • No longer based on rank or order • Classes based on occupation or source of income • Aristocracy – Nobles & relatives, upper gentry, large landlords, wealthy patrician families • Declined after French Revolution • Still controlled most of wealth • Criticized middle class for materialism

38. Peasants • Majority of Europeans • Tied to land and tradition • Most tenants, poor & recruited for factory work • Agriculture more commercial after feudal obligations abolished • Problem integrating agricultural economy in Industrial Revolution • In Britain peasants largely eliminated • In France owned 1/3 of land

39. Workers & Artisans • Dependence on wages set by employers • Often earned too little to support family • Women and children worked • Many lived in slums • Semiskilled workers better paid and better off • Carpenters, tailors, etc

40. Early Labor Movements • Skilled workers formed labor organizations • Banned everywhere but in England • Assisted workers and aimed to increase rights • Led to organization of strikes

41. Middle Classes • Most confident and assertive • Opposed to aristocratic privilege • Mainly urban, connected w/ cities • Fairly prosperous, only class from which one could fall • Wanted legal & economic freedom

42. Family Life • Family basic economic unit • Men often migrated to find work • Women gained larger role • Factories weakened family ties • Middle class characterized by stay-at-home wives • Domestic duties, unlike poorer classes • Stronger family ties

43. Living Conditions • Terrible crowding in industrial areas and dependence on employers • Poor working conditions & nutrition made tuberculosis widespread • Common for 1/3 of males to be without work • 10% of population in poverty in Britain & France

44. Advances • Wages increased in mid-1840s & 1850s • Workers forced to buy expensive goods in company stores • Alcoholism • Use of soap increased health • Brick construction and iron pipes improved housing • More luxuries available to lower-middle class • Sugar, tea, meat

45. Changing Population • Population growth – decline in diseased, increase in food, improved sanitation • Better transportation and techniques = more food • Potato became staple of peasant diet • Urbanization • London reached 1 million people • Growth of cities