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Asia

Asia. Changes and Continuities By Kazi Anika, Mindi Cao, Jane Chen, Jenny Chen, Sara Chung, Armani Khan, Bonny Truong, Han Zhao. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa 2600 BCE to 1700 BCE. - Developed near Indus River - Located in the western part of South Asia - Highly organized and standardized:

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Asia

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  1. Asia Changes and Continuities By Kazi Anika, Mindi Cao, Jane Chen, Jenny Chen, Sara Chung, Armani Khan, Bonny Truong, Han Zhao

  2. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa 2600 BCE to 1700 BCE - Developed near Indus River - Located in the western part of South Asia - Highly organized and standardized: - Cities built with a grid pattern with wide, straight streets, thick walls, brick houses - World's first sewer system: public and private wells, drains, bathrooms, toilets - Canal system allowed water to be transported to agricultural lands to grow wheat, barley, peas, melons, sesame, cotton - Domesticated sheep, cattle, goats, elephant (for its ivory) - Highly educated in mathematics: - System of weights and measures - Bricks in different cities were the same size (cities thought to be under the same government) - Clay tablets suggest existence of a writing system

  3. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa 2600 BCE to 1700 BCE - Burials were simple, contained few material goods; suggested lack of social classes - Absence of palaces and temples - Few evidence indicating existence of military; suggests that the civilizations were mainly peaceful - Use of copper in fortification and weapons (e.g. bronze knives, spears, arrowheads) - Harappa was mainly urban and commercial - Traded with Mesopotamia, southern India, Afghanistan, and Persia for gold, silver, copper, and turquoise Fall of Indus River civilizations is uncertain, but theories arose: - Aryan invaders destroyed Indus cities, killed its inhabitants, and forced others to emigrate to southern India - Inhabitants had already left the Indus River Valley, thus allowing Aryans to take over due to the small population - Agricultural problems (e.g. topsoil erosion, infertile soil, change in course of Indus River) forced inhabitants to move elsewhere in search of food

  4. Shang Dynasty 1600 BCE to 1100 BCE - Located on the banks of the Huang He - First dynasty to leave written records - Dynasty: reign passed down through family one generation to the next - Rulers were legitimized by the Mandate of Heaven (belief that ancestors chose the leaders) - Civilization based on agriculture, hunting, and domestication of animals - Invented 360-day year of 12 months and 30 days each; calendar included both lunar and solar years, helpful in determining planting seasons - Development of writing: records and ceremonial inscriptions carved onto oracle bones and shells; pictographs, ideograms, phonograms - Bronze metallurgy: ceremonial bronze vessels dating to Shang reign - Often warred with nomadic herders from inner Asian steppes - Practiced rituals honoring ancestors and spirits - Royal burials contained items of wealth and hundreds of slaves buried alive

  5. Political Changes in China 100 CE - 600 CE - This was the beginning of the end of the Han Dynasty (which were known for their civil service examinations that lasted for days, the invention of paper, the compass, and calendars) - After the fall of the Han, China became disunified once again and enters the period known as Three Kingdoms Period (220 ce - 265 ce) - It is during this period that South and North China begins to develop differently because power fell into different hands - In the North, the power had fallen into the hands of the aristocratic whereas in the South, it had continued on with the dynasties with the capital at Nanking

  6. Cultural Changes in China 100 CE - 600 CE -It is during this period that there is a rise in belief of Buddhism which had begun to enter China during the Han Dynasty. This was due to the fact that because the life of a peasant or commoner was so difficult that religion sort of became a safe haven for them - A singular writing system was also introduced between the North and the South which improved their communication with each other greatly as well as enable them to work together on intellectual text

  7. Culture and Politics in Indian civilization 300 CE - 600 CE

  8. Political Organization Not very centralized United others by "persuading" others to follow its lead: by displaying beauty in the capital and royal court by giving gifts and luxurious items Skilled cavalry army with experience in archery Culture Scientists, mathematicians, and astronomers received support Women's status decreased; lost many rights and became more dependant on the male head of the family Religious tolerance: Gupta leaders were Hindus, but they tolerated Buddhism and Jainism. Trade to the East increased while trade with the west declined. Gupta Empire 320 CE-550 CE • Located in northern and central India • Modeled after the Mauryan Empire (324 BCE - 184 BCE) • collapsed around 550 CE because of nomadic attacks from the steppes. • however, they had a big influence on religion, art, architecture and culture.

  9. Ming Dynasty 1368 to 1644 CE - Restored Chinese rule after the Mongolian Yuan dynasty - Reinstated the civil service examination - Built a government based on Confucian principles - Zheng He, a Chinese navigator, led fleets throughout the world. - The Ming dynasty tried to change currency from easily counterfeited paper money to silver currency - This backfired when silver veins were found in America and silver flooded the Chinese markets causing a inflation - In 1644, the Ming emperor invited a group of warriors from Manchuria to help him quell an uprising, but they overthrew him.

  10. Zheng He's voyages

  11. Qing Dynasty 1644 to 1912 CE - Ruled by the Manchus - Emperor Kangxi and his successor Qianlong both supported arts, expanded the empire, and were Confucian scholars. - Remained mainly isolationist at this time, only interacting with its neighbors - Traded with western powers, but the Chinese controlled the trade relations - The silver received from European merchants created a rising class of merchants - The dynasty crumbled due to external pressure and internal resentment

  12. Commerce in the Indian Ocean 650 CE - 1750 CE

  13. Trading Regions • East African States (Swahili Coast) • India • Southern Arabia • Persian Gulf • Southeast Asia (Spice Islands) • China

  14. Interregional Trade in East Asia 600 CE - 1450 CE Silk Road - allowed Chinese goods to go into Europe for the first time ever - led to European interested finding a water route to China - spread Buddhism and Christianity - led to the creation of better roads and boats - new monetary systems developed Indian Ocean Trade Network - allowed Indian and East African cultures to mix, brought Islam to coastal Bantus' and led to the creation of Swahili - Asians and Europeans never came into direct contact, Africans were intermediaries - both cultures received items never thought possible - more access to goods

  15. Silk Road 200 BCE to 1450

  16. Silk Road 200 BCE to 1450 - Network of trade routes connecting Europe and Asia - First used during the Han Dynasty (~200 BCE) Major trade goods: - China: silk, porcelain, spices - Europe: wool cloth, gold, silver - India: gemstones (e.g. jade, gold, silver) Cultural Diffusion: - Paper making spread from China - Noria (irrigation waterwheel) spread from Roman Syria - Religious ideas: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity Shifting of prominence: - Trade was disrupted during decline of Tang Dynasty (late 800s) - Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan brought back Silk Road Decline of Silk Road - Bubonic Plague (1348-1350): killed millions - Advance in marine technology: travel by sea became safer and more efficient

  17. Increased Use of the Indian Ocean 1300s • Collapse of the Mongol Empire resulted in increased use of the Indian Ocean in trade • Demands for good rose • Improvements to vessels • Chinese Junks • Dhows • New ports created

  18. The Age of exploration in the Indian Ocean 1400s China (1405-1433) Zheng He Carried silks, precious metal, porcelain Brought back ivory, zebras, camels, a giraffe, and other goods

  19. The Age of exploration in the Indian Ocean 1400s Europe Henry the Navigator promoted the study of navigation Goal: spread Christianity and reached India. Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama (1497-1498)

  20. European control over the Indian Ocean 1500s - 1750 • Joint-Stock companies • The English East India Company • The Dutch East India Company • By 1750s, Britain, the Dutch, France, Portugal and Spain controlled much of the trade and commerce in the Indian Ocean.

  21. Major Belief Systems in Asia - Confucianism - Daoism - Legalism - Hinduism - Buddhism

  22. Confucianism - A political and social philosophy dealing with how to create an orderly society - Created by Confucius - Practiced in China from 400 BCE onwards - Is compatible with other religions because it was a belief system Impact: - Chinese governments used it because they wanted to create an orderly society - Made Chinese communities more tightly knit - Impact was not so great outside of China because it evolved with Chinese culture.

  23. Daoism - Also known as Taoism, stressed harmony with nature - Practiced from 500 BCE onwards Impact: - When asking for harmony with nature, Daoists became astronomers, chemists, and botanists. - Added to the "complexity" of China when combined with the other major beliefs. This "complexity" is what made China unique compared to the Western world.

  24. Legalism - Developed about the same time as Confucianism and Daoism - Practiced mainly during the Qin Dynasty - Legalists didn't trust human nature - Believed that humans are will only obey a strong central government with tough laws and harsh punishments - Believed the only two worthy professions were farming and the military. Impact: - Allowed governments to achieve large scale building projects and unification - Common people suffered under legalism - Caused resentment amongst the people

  25. - Began in India with the Aryan invaders - One supreme force called Brahma and the gods are manifestations of Brahma - Believed in reincarnation - Believed in post-death social mobility - Goal was to merge with Brahma - No sacred texts, but the Vedas and the Upanishads, collection of prayers and verses, guided the Hindus Impact: - Created a rigid social class system (caste system) - People accepted their current standings because they believed in karma - Created an incentive for people to work hard

  26. Buddhism - Founded by a Hindu prince named Siddhartha Gautama who lived from 563 - 483 B.C.E. - Buddhists follow the 'Four Noble Truths' : 'All life is suffering'; 'Suffering is caused by desire'; 'One can be freed of this desire'; 'One is freed by desire by following what is called the Eightfold Path' - Buddhism had begun to trickle into China during the early Han Dynasty and eventually turned into one of the major beliefs of the period alongside Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, Hinduism, Judaism, and Christianity. - It had begun to take on a more secular role later on as its popularity grew during the Tang Dynasty This had led to Buddhist temples to act as bath houses, inns, etc... - Later on, it was viewed as justification for women to join in the world of politics because of Empress Wu Zhao had had claimed that her legitimacy to be emperor came from the fact that she was an enlightened soul that was sent to earth to bring salvation to the rest of the people

  27. Changes In The Role of Religion in China 600 - 1450 - Due to a religion's popularity, it would sometimes take on more secular responsibilities in Chinese society and a perfect example would be Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty because it was during this time that the temples were beginning to act as bath houses, inns, and schools (some were even allowed to disperse medicines to the public - Along with the pilgrims that had brought along religion also brought along their culture from their country and this had made religion almost like a carrier of different religions and this caused a mixture of different cultures to assimilate and disperse around China

  28. East Asian National Identity 1900 to Present Beginning • China- clings to traditional social and economic structures, only unification is in anti-western sentiment • Japan- modernizing quickly, Western Influence is spreading

  29. Southeast Asia: Imperialism and Nationalism

  30. Southeast Asia: Imperialism and Nationalism The Beginning: •Europeans first began to colonize Southeast Asia in the sixteenth century with the interest for trade. •Buddhism had been in these areas for centuries, and would remain a strong unifying, anti-western force. •The Europeans brought new ideas and ideologies, along with technology to the Southeast Asian countries. •Some of the new ideas promoted equality and democracy.

  31. World War Two: •The colonies felt they should also start to fight for their own independence and nationalist feelings rose up. •European countries were focused more on domestic problems, rather than the tensions and uprisings in their Asian colonies. Japan and World War Two: •During the second world war, Japan occupied Southeast Asian colonies. •Southeast Asians realized that Europe was not as invincible as it had seen before, as it lost control of its colonies to Japan. Indonesia •Nationalist leaders were released from jail by the Japanese and allowed to hold mass rallies. •Japan’s failure to fulfill its vague promises of Indonesian independence pushed nationalist leaders to decide to take the matters into their own hands. Vietnam: •When the French lost power in Vietnam, the Japanese sent officials to administer the area, but too few, resulting in a power vacuum. Nationalists saw their chance, and began to take immediate action.

  32. Role of Communism in Achieving Independence •Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak: gained independence once the British were able to suppress the rise of communism in the Malayan Emergency from 1945 to 1960. •Communist North Vietnam was able to achieve independence with support from Communist China.

  33. The Great Depression • Super Nationalists in Japan gain support and have been pursuing expansionist policies and decide to seize China.

  34. Sino Japanese War • Communists gain support in China • Japan continues imperialist policies Post WWII • Japan stops expanding and grows economically instead • Other East Asian countries imitate Japan's method of growth

  35. Tiananmen Square 1989 • National Identity in China is still developing • Government is modernizing, but the public is still protesting over the lack of political freedom

  36. Impacts of Technology in East Asia 1450 - Present Food production: •New strains of grain and crops in China •New strains, methods of irrigation, and fertilizer in Japan. GunpowderEmpires: •China exported a lot of gunpowder to Europe •The Europeans were quick to develop guns and cannons •Japan had a social, political, and cultural revolution as a result of the import of guns and cannons. •Samurai and Japanesewarlords that adopted this new and deadly technology easily dominated their conservatives, sword-wielding neighbors.

  37. Impacts of Technology in East Asia 1450 - Present Navigation: •Improved ship building allowed for more international interactions. •Ships were now better, faster and cheaper to build. •China amassed a huge sum of silver from the Europeans, who were hungry for Chinese goods, especially silk, porcelain, and gunpowder. •Eventually the Silk Road was abandoned as a result of better and more efficient ship routes Gutenberg Press: •Increase in literacy •Spread of ideas Renaissance, Christianity

  38. Impacts of Technology in East Asia 1450 - Present China’s downfall as a result of technology and trade: •China was only interested in silver, and would only accept silver during trades. •As a result, China had little opportunity to be introduced to new technology. •China exported gunpowder, its own invention, but failed to utilize it effectively. •Gunpowder was used for fireworks in China, versus being used for guns and weapons like in Europe •As a result of China’s reluctance to import, Europeans began seeking other ways to earn their money. They began to trade opium, which ruined China’s economy and peoples.

  39. East Asia 1750 - Present - China was originally an agricultural nation with isolationist policies - British imported opium from India, got Chinese addicted - Seeing threat in British opium, Chinese retaliated, led to opium wars. - China lost, western powers gained control of Chinese harbors through “unequal treaties” - Had to end isolationist policies and open markets - Increase in trade brought China great wealth, soon became a growing industrial power - Imported coal, steel, building materials to fuel industrialization - Exports shifted from silk, porcelain, and tea to manufactured goods

  40. Works Cited Allingham, Phillip V. “England and China: The Opium Wars, 1839-60”. Victorian Web. Lakehead University. Jun. 24, 2006. Web. 2 May 2013. Armstrong, Monty. Cracking the AP World History Exam. New York: Random House, 2012. Print. Bill Strickland. “worldhistoryconnected” 2007 Annotated CCOT Rubric: 20th Century Formation of National Identities.” April 29, 2009. Web. Accessed May 2013. Bulliet, Richard W., Pemla Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup. The Earth and Its Peoples. 5th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011. Print. Dowling, Mike. "Monsoons at mrdowling.com". www.mrdowling.com. Updated May 13, 2013. Web. 15 May 2013. <http://www.mrdowling.com/612-monsoon.html> Dr. Arlene Neher “Syllabus: World War II in Southeast Asia.” Southeast Asia During World War II. Date unknown. Web. 15 May 2013. Robin. “For History Disciples: The Japanese Occupation was a boost to the nationalist movement in Southeast Asia."” For History Disciples. April, 2009. Web. Accessed May 2013. Shaffer, Lynda .“China, Technology and Change”. academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu, n.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. “Short History of Southeast Asia.” Short History of Southeast Asia. n.d. Web. 15 May 2013. Swanson, Emily. "Harappan Civilization." WebChron. David W. Koeller, 14 Sept. 1998. Web. 15 May 2013. Tramposch, Alexandra. "Everything Southeast Asia." Globalhistorycullen. WikiSpaces, n.d. Web. 16 May 2013. UNIT III: 1450 - 1750 C.E. History Haven. n.d. Web. 15 May 2013. Wikipedia contributors. "History of Southeast Asia." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 16 Apr. 2013. Web. 7 May. 2013 WorldHistory–AP Unit Questions 1450-1750 C.E WorldHistory–AP. February, 2011. Web. 15 May 2013. World Regions--A Closer Look. 2011. The College Board. Web. 15 May 2013.

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