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The Stuff of Life: Biomolecules and Their Functions

Explore the structures and functions of different biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Learn about their synthesis, hydrolysis, and how they contribute to life as we know it.

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The Stuff of Life: Biomolecules and Their Functions

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  1. THE STUFF OF LIFE Biomolecules Macromolecules

  2. Bio 9.A Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. (READINESS STANDARD)

  3. Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots Poly – Many Mono - One Hydro - Water Synthesis - to make or form Lysis - loosen or break apart Lipos – fat Bio – life Macro – very large in scale

  4. Life as we know it is carbon based. 95% of all carbon compounds are organic. A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings. Carbon Compounds in living things include: Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins (these are called macromolecules). Carbon Compounds

  5. Macromolecule Analogy

  6. Many individual small molecules are known as monomers Together, these same molecules can combine to form a polymer

  7. Polymers and Monomers

  8. Dehydration Synthesis The chemical process of joining monomers to form polymers. At the end of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom and a (-OH) group. Every time a monomer is added a molecule of water is given off.

  9. Hydrolysis The chemical breakdown of polymers into monomers through the addition of water; essentially the opposite of dehydration synthesis

  10. Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy. Carbohydrates are also called sugars or starches. Carbohydrates

  11. Plant cells store energy as starch. Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches. Carbohydrates

  12. Carbohydrates

  13. Carbohydrates

  14. Carbohydrates Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

  15. Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes. Lipids Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals?

  16. Lipids

  17. Lipids 1 Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails. GLYCEROL BACKBONE

  18. Dehydration Synthesis of Fats:

  19. Fats are also known as triglycerides!! Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids all attached by dehydration synthesis. How many water molecules are made?

  20. Saturated Fats: Contain no double bonds between carbons! Carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen. SOLID at room temperature!!! Ex: Butter, lard, shortening, bacon

  21. No DOUBLE bonds!!! (saturated with hydrogen)

  22. Nice and smooth and straight… so they pack tightly to form a solid!

  23. Unsaturated fats! Have double bonds between carbons! Liquid at room temperature! Ex: Oils

  24. Double bonds make them crinkle and not pack as tightly!

  25. Saturated vs. Unsaturated

  26. Lipids Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

  27. Proteins are very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Protein molecules are made of smaller molecules called amino acids. Proteins

  28. Proteins

  29. Proteins Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

  30. Proteins - Amino Acids R group makes each amino acid different There are 20 different amino acids.

  31. Polymers. Amino acids:joined by peptide bonds (dehydration synthesis again!!) Dipeptide (two amino acids) Polypeptide (many amino acids) What is made each time A.A. are joined?____ Order of A.A. determines shape of protein Shape determines FUNCTION!

  32. Denaturing of a protein Denatured = misshapen Causes: temperature, pH, salt concentration, and other environmental factors THINK about what happens when you grill a steak!! Or chicken! Or Fry an Egg! (or boil Egg)

  33. Nucleic acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides. DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins. Nucleic Acid

  34. Nucleic Acid

  35. Nucleic Acid This is a polymer

  36. Nucleotide of a polymer This is a monomer

  37. Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprints” for life. Nucleic Acid - DNA What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”?

  38. QUIZ TIME WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

  39. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: C,H,O and the 2:1 ratio of H to O

  40. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: the twisted shape of DNA

  41. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails

  42. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: The amino acid monomers

  43. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?

  44. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?

  45. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? CHROMOSOME

  46. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?

  47. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base

  48. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid? NOTICE: The nitrogen and R-group

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