Imperialism

1. Imperialism • The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation.

2. Why Imperialism? • Imperialism - The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation. • National Pride • Economic competition • France vs. Germany, Britain vs. Germany, Britain vs. France • Social Darwinism • “Survival of the fittest” • Used as justification

3. Africa Before Imperialism What did Africa Have to Offer? • Demographics • 1,000 different languages • Hundreds of ethnic groups • Religion • Traditional beliefs, Christianity, Islam • Politics • Large empires to independent villages Why is this important information? • Mining: • Congo: copper and tin • South Africa: gold and diamonds • Agriculture: Cash-crops • Peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber • More colonies means more power Europeans Arrive • Explorers, missionaries, humanitarians, reporters at first Why not until the late 1800s? • Industrial Revolution • Needed new markets and raw materials • Technological superiority • Maxim Gun • Medical Breakthroughs • Quinine to battle Malaria

4. Pre-Conquest of Africa • French in Algeria by 1830s • Portuguese had Angola & Mozambique • British took Cape Colony during Napoleonic Wars • European powers only controlled about 10% of continent until 1870s

5. The Scramble for Africa • King Leopold II of Belgium (1876) in Congo • Forms International Africa Association (IAA) • Influences Otto Van Bismarck • Economic/power reasons • Wants to divert French hostility toward Germany • Calls for Conference

6. Berlin Conference 1884-1885 • Headed by Bismarck • Germany’s entrance into the game changed the rules • European claims to African territory had to rest on “effective occupation” in order to be recognized • Also agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade • No firearm or liquor sales in certain areas • Missionaries free to spread Christianity

7. Africa’s Response to Colonization • European technology outmatches most African armies – Maxim gun, gunboats, etc • Europeans susceptible to disease • Solution? • Recruit rival African tribes to help fight each other • African leaders weigh options: • Build alliances with Europeans, other tribes? • Make accommodations? Negotiate?

8. Africa’s Response to Colonization • SamoriToure – Western African leader • Created powerful Islamic Kingdom • 30,000 man army • Fought with invading French in 1881 and lost, moved east • After internal rebellions, and imposing British forces from the west… • Captured and exiled in 1898

9. African Response to Colonization • Religious leaders more effective in uniting – why? • Religion unites, politics divide • Muhammad Ahmad (1844-1885) in Sudan • Muslim “shaykh” (head of tribe, village, religious order) • Proclaimed himself the “Mahdi” (1881) • Muslim messiah, savior of the faith • Establishes “jihad” and successfully takes back British controlled land until 1898 • The “Shona” tribe rises up against British in South Africa in 1890s

10. African Response to Colonization • Ethiopia only area to successfully keep European powers out… • Menelik II becomes emperor and unites the region • Starts to modernize and expand Ethiopia • Makes agreement with Italians for Red Sea coast • 1896 – Italians break treaty • Battle ensues at Aduwa • 100,000 Ethiopian soldiers vs. 20,000 Italian soldiers • Italians make numerous mistakes in battle, are embarrassed in defeat.

11. The Mineral Revolution • Diamonds discovered in 1867 in Southern Africa and thousands (both black and white) flocked to area to mine • 1873 – European diggers lobby for British to establish laws prohibiting Africans from owning claims – sets tone for future laws • European mine owners employ Africans • Compound system controls labor

12. The Mineral Revolution • 1886 – Gold discovered in Transvaal • Transvaal is Afrikaner territory – led by President Paul Kruger • New discovery renews British interest in controlling the Transvaal • Kruger determined to protect Transvaal from “uitlanders” • 1888 – Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato join to found De Beers • De Beers comes to control 90% of diamond production • Rhodes becomes prime minister of Cape Colony in S.A. • Expands British borders in S.A.

13. The Boer War – South Africa (1899) • Rhodes attempts invasion of Transvaal and fails • Rhodes forced to resign – invasion is seen as “reckless” • Afrikaners and Orange Free State ally and modernize army– “Boers” • Alfred Milner replaces Rhodes • Gave Kruger a list of demands that could not be met, war breaks out • First modern “total war” • Boers used guerilla tactics • British burned Boer farms; imprisoned women & children in disease-ridden concentration camps • 30,000 Afrikaners and 15,000 blacks died in the camps • 1902 Union of South Africa created, controlled by the British • By 1907 a self-governing dominion of the UK

14. After the War • British try to Anglicize Afrikaners but fail • Afrikaners controlled the government (first three Prime Ministers were Afrikaner) and gained official recognition of language • English speakers controlled the civil service and dominated the business sector • They did work together to preserve white dominance over the black majority • 70% of population controlled on 13% of land • “Civilized Labor” policies of the 1920s • Low-level civil jobs blacks held were given to large population of poor, unskilled whites • Paves the way for…

15. APARTHEID (1948-1994) • Apartheid (separateness) – a system of legal racial segregation • Rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed • Minority rule by whites was maintained. • Racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times but Apartheid now an official policy in 1948 • New legislation classified inhabitants into racial groups, and residential areas were segregated – sometimes forced removals • 1958 – Blacks deprived of citizenship of S.A. • Now citizens of one of ten tribally based self-governing territories called “bantustans” • Segregated education, medical care, and other public services • Black services were made inferior to white ones

16. Forms of Colonial Control • Colony • A country or region governed internally by a foreign power • Protectorate • A country or territory with its own internal gov’t but under the control of an outside power • Sphere of Influence • An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges • Economic Imperialism • Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments

17. Indirect Control Relied on existing political rulers Legislative council that included colonial officials as well as local merchants and professionals Councils trained local leaders EX: Britain Direct Control Africans are unable to handle power – paternalism Brought in their own officials and did not train local people Assimilation: local populations would become absorbed into culture EX: French & Belgians Imperialist Management

18. The Ottoman Empire(1300-1923) • Anatolia – descendants of nomadic Turks • Militaristic & Invading • No strong central power • Government organized by “ghazis” • Broken up independent states, warriors for Islam • Osman (Othman) build strong state until his death in 1326 • His dynastic successors expand territory and create the “Ottoman” empire

19. The Islamic Empires • Safavid Empire (1501–1736) • Present day Iran (Persia) • “Squeezed” between Ottomans and Mughals • Forced to become militaristic • Shi’ite Muslims • Persecuted by Ottoman Sunni Muslims • Mughal Empire (1526–1857) • Present day Northern India • Islam forced on partly Hindu population • Overexpansion, poor leadership weakens empire by 1800s • Enter England

20. Ottoman Empire: Notable Sultans • Mehmet II (1444-1481) • Captured Constantinople in 1453 • Ends Byzantine Empire, renames city Istanbul • Selim the Grim (1512-1520) • Defeated Safavids • Swept through Syria, Palestine and into North Africa • Suleiman (1520-1566) • Reached its peak size • Dominated Eastern Med., controlled coastal cities of Africa as well as interior trade, pushed into Europe • Only Charles V rivaled his power

21. Ottoman Empire in Decline • 17th and 18th centuries – Ottoman empire in decline • Weak army – janissary corps • Not industrializing • Selim III (1789-1806) attempted to modernize • Restructured army • Set up foreign embassies • Mahmud II (1808-1839) • Restored central authority • Established new army (Euro trained) • Restructured government

22. Nationalism Dividing • Nationalism stirring in Ottoman lands • Serbs revolted in 1804 • Greeks in 1821 • Romanians in 1850s • Bulgarians in 1870s • All supported by Western Europe – why? Geopolitics: an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products Western Europe wanted a balance of power

23. European Involvement • Crimean War 1853 • Russia vs. Ottomans • France & Britain help Ottomans win • Egypt • Ottoman control since 1517 • French briefly took over 1800 • Ottoman and British end French occupation • Muhammad Ali in power (1801) • Westernizes Egypt – Reforms military, economy, agriculture, education • Under Muhammad Ali broke away from Ottomans • Grandson Ismail constructed the Suez Canal • Opened 1869 • 1882 British controlled it

24. Young Turk Revolution • Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) • Reformer and autocrat • 1889 – students form Committee for Union and Progress • Want to combine Islamic culture with Euro ideas and technology • Young Turk Revolution (1908) • Constitution and assembly instated • End of Ottoman monarchy, CUP in control

25. British in India Sepoy Rebellion 1857 • British present since 1600s • Mughal Empire collapsing in 1700s • 1757 East India Company the major power • Had an army made up of “sepoys” • Cartridges of rifles sealed with beef and pork fat • Offends both Hindus and Muslims • Mughal emperor reluctantly heads rebellion • British use total war tactics • The British took direct command: The Raj • Direct rule - paternalism • Indians could not overcome their religious differences: Hindu vs. Muslim • Sikhs remained loyal to the British • British direct rule 1757-1947 • Cabinet minister in London » British Viceroy in India » Local Councils made up of Indians

26. Indian Nationalist Movement • Ram Mohum Roy (1772-1833) • Began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices; these practices were allowing foreigners to control them • Widow suicide, child marriage, caste system • Indian National Congress 1885 • Made up of both Indians and Britons • The Muslim League 1906 • Form after the partition of Bengal • Both groups begin to call for self-government • After Gandhi’s death the Muslim League will create Pakistan

27. British in Malaysia • 1796 • Gained Singapore as well as most of Malayan peninsula • Geopolitics – trade • Tin, rubber • Gained Burma (present day Myanmar) • Encouraged Chinese immigration • Conflict still exists between Malaysians and Chinese

28. Dutch • Indonesia referred to as Dutch East Indies • Dutch East India Company present since the early 1800s • Sugar, tobacco, coffee, tea • Created a rigid social class system • Dutch • Wealthy & Educated Indonesians • Plantation workers • Forced production, poor working conditions, little rights gave way to independence movements

29. French Indochina • Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam • Protectorates • Did not encourage local industry • Paternalism, assimilation • Rice production went up • Siam (Thailand) – neutral zone under King Mongut • Modernized Thai economy • Warded off foreign rule

30. Experience of Southeast Asia • Products: sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconut, bananas, pineapple • Europeans encouraged immigration from other Asian nations • Why? • To diversify the population – no unity • Southeast Asia became a melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists • Many problems still exist between these groups today in this area

31. U.S. in the Pacific • U.S. involved in imperialist activity • Purchased Alaska in 1867 • Overthrew Hawaiian Queen in 1893 • Spanish American War • 1898 • Gained Puerto Rico, and Guam, and Philippines • Promised to prepare them for self-rule • Economic exploitation • American-Philippine war • 400,000 killed or imprisoned

32. China • Led by Manchus of Qing Dynasty • Strong agriculture, mining, manufacturing • Rice, sweet potatoes, peanuts, salt, tin, silver, iron, silks, cottons, porcelain, maize • Tribute system – states subordinate to China and receive gifts and protection in return • Self-Sufficient • They didn’t need anything the West had to offer • Had more people than any empire in the world

33. Opium • Foreigners only allowed in one port • They earned more from their exports than they spent on their imports – trade imbalance • The British were determined to even out the balance • Smuggled in Opium for non-medical use • By 1835 12 million Chinese addicted • Opium War • 1839 Chinese vs. British • Superior British Navy humiliated the Chinese • Treaty of Nanking 1842 • Britain gained Hong Kong • 1844 Treaty gave US extraterritorial rights

34. Internal Problems • 430 million people by 1850 • Hunger widespread; Huang He flooded regularly • Government Inaction • Dikes in disrepair, granaries empty, bribery for jobs • Many begin to turn against Qing Dynasty CHINESE NATIONALSIM GROWING Taiping Rebellion • 1850-1864 Led by Hong Xiuquan • “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” • all would share China’s vast wealth; there would be no poverty • Imperial troops, local militias and British & French forces fought to put down rebellion • 20 million dead

35. DEMAND REFORMS! • Taiping Rebellion put down • Western Ways or Chinese Traditions? • Dowager Empress Cixi 1861-1908 • Supported some reforms but generally conservative • Sino-Japanese War 1894 • Leads to renewed aggression of West • Open Door Policy 1899 • China’s doors are open to all nations • China never becomes a colony but it is at the mercy of foreign powers Chinese Nationalists hate the presence of foreigners!

36. Boxer Rebellion 1900 • Reforms being suppressed • Society of Harmonious Fists (referred to as Boxers) • Peasants and workers who resented foreign privileges; resented Chinese Christians • “Death to the Foreign Devil!” • Surround European section of Beijing • Begin to imprison and kill Europeans • Soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan & the US defeated the Boxers Rebellion a failure but Nationalism is not dead!!

37. JAPAN • Prior to 1867 ruled by the Tokugawa Shogun • Tightly ordered society cut off from the West • Traded with China and Dutch traders in Indonesia; contact with Korea • Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in 1853 • Treaty of Kanagawa 1854 opened up two ports to American ships • 1860 foreigners allowed to trade in all treaty ports • 1863-1864 Imperial naval fleets bombard two rebel-prone cities

38. The Meiji Era: 1867-1912 • Japanese annoyed with Tokugawa for giving into foreigners • The Meiji Restoration • Peaceful coup by young samurais • 1867 – End of military dictatorship of the Tokugawa • Restructures government • Ruled for 45 years • Emperor Mutsuhito • “Enlightened Rule”

39. The Meiji Government • Japanese sent to study foreign ways • Iwakura Mission (1871) • Liked Germany’s centralized gov’t, the skill of British Navy, and American system of public education • Industrialization • By 1914 – 7,000 miles of railroad • Coal production grew, factories built, developed shipbuilding, weapons production as well as local industries • Who is left behind as Japan modernizes? • Satsuma Rebellion 1877 • Now irrelevant samurai rebel – over 30,000 are killed

40. Japanese Imperialism • By 1890 strongest military power in Asia • Build an empire to secure their interests • War with China over Korea • 1895 Sino-Japanese war • Within a few months the Chinese were driven from Korea and Japan began to move into Manchuria • Peace treaty gave Japan its first colonies Europeans very surprised that Japan won

41. Russo-Japanese War 1905 • The two major powers in East Asia • Went to war over Manchuria and Korea • Japan easily defeats the Russians (really bad for Russia) • Treaty of Portsmouth: forced Russia to withdraw from Manchuria and stay out of Korea Japan is THE power in East Asia

42. Korea & Japanese Imperialism • After the Russo-Japanese War the Japanese don’t hold back in Korea • 1905 – made a protectorate • 1910 – Japan annexed Korea • For the next 35 years brutal Japanese rule • Forbade public protest • Shut down newspapers • Took over schools • Replaced the Korean language • Took away land KOREAN NATIONALISM GROWS!!