So you want to make an emulsion…

1. So you want to make an emulsion… A simple guide to HLD-NAC by Professor Steven Abbott www.stevenabbott.co.uk

2. Formulating blind • There are 1000’s of surfactants to choose from • If you are lucky the suppliers will reveal an HLB or CMC value and if you’re very clever you might be able to calculate a CPP (Critical Packing Parameter) for the surfactant • But none of the data will tell you if this surfactant works for this oil at this temperature and this salinity • Even if it did it wouldn’t tell you how efficient the surfactant might be

3. Types I, II and III • Sometimes you want an oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion, a Winsor Type I • Sometimes you want a water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion, a Winsor Type II • Sometimes you want a crystal-clear w-o blend, a Winsor Type III • And even if you don’t want a microemulsion, you probably want to know if you have an efficient surfactant for o/w or w/o

4. HLD • Hydrophilic Lipophilic Difference allows you to calculate the optimal surfactancy for a given system • HLD = A*Salinity + B*Temperature + C*EACN + Cc • You know your required salinity and temperature, you might know the Effective Alkane Carbon Number (EACN) of your oil, so if you know the Characteristic Curvature (Cc) of your surfactant you can calculate HLD The real HLD formulae look a little different, this simplistic version is to make a point about EACN and Cc

5. HLD=0 • When HLD=0 you have optimal surfactancy: • Lowest interfacial tension • Highest solubility of oil-in-water and water-in-oil • When HLD is very large (negative or positive) you are very far from optimal and your formulations will be poor • When HLD is small and negative you have great o/w microemulsions • When HLD is small and positive you have great w/o microemulsions • And if you have great microemulsions, the chances are that the surfactant is right for normal emulsions of the same oil

6. EACN • Hexane =6, Decane = 10 etc. • Experimentally, Toluene behaves like an alkane with 1 carbon (EACN=1), Isopropyl Myristate behaves like an alkane with 13 carbons (EACN=13) • If you know your EACN you are close to finding the optimal surfactant

7. Cc • These values are known for ~30 common surfactants such as CxEOy, SLS, AOT, Lecithin … • Cc values of mixtures are the average of the individual Cc values, so you can fine-tune Cc • A good start, but not enough!

8. Phase scans • Take 10 vials and shake up your oil and surfactant with water of a range of salinities • Or take your water and surfactant and shake them with a range of EACNs • If you’re in the right formulation space, the emulsions will pass from o/w through optimal Type III to w/o • The S* (optimal salinity) or EACN* (optimal oil) then lets you calculate Cc for the surfactant

9. High Throughput • With a robot you can do hundreds of scans and get good data on surfactant Cc values or, using known surfactants, EACN values of unknown oils (e.g. perfumes) • If we had large datasets of Cc values and oils we could all formulate much more effectively • The Intelligent Formulation “green surfactant” project is a first step towards a larger database of Cc values

10. NAC • HLD tells you when you are in the right area for a surfactant, but not how efficient it will be • The Net Average Curvature part of the theory tells you the efficiency of the surfactant* • A large “effective tail length”, l, and a large “chi parameter” gives you high efficiencies • l can be estimated reasonably • The phase volumes from the phase scans allow you to calculate chi • With Cc, EACN, l and chi you can formulate rationally See the full HLD-NAC.pptx for an explanation of NAC

11. Simple theory but … • … it’s hard to keep track of what’s going on as temperatures, salinities, EACNs, chi values etc. are changed, especially with surfactant mixtures • So the Optimal Surfactant HLD-NAC software package does the calculations for you and shows what’s going on via calculated values and 2D and 3D plots • And it’s free software

12. What the software can do for you • If you have enough Cc, EACN and chi values it’s very easy to choose a surfactant (blend) that places you in the right part of surfactant space • From there it’s easy to fine-tune your formulation

13. What you can do for the software • The more Cc and chi values we have, the better we can all formulate • If you use the software to determine Cc and chi you can choose to keep those values for yourself • But if everyone does that, we’re all worse off • So why not share your values so that others will also do so? • The software makes it easy to add to the database so if we collate new values a new dataset can be sent out with each updated version of the software

14. Our dream • That Cc and chi will become the standard values provided by surfactant suppliers • So surfactant formulation becomes a science, not an art • That during the process of finding out these values, various issues/problems/defects of HLD-NAC theory get solved so the predictive power increases • So start the adventure at www.stevenabbott.co.uk/HLD-NAC.html

15. Acknowledgements • HLD theory was developed over many years by (in alphabetical order) Profs Aubry, Sabatini and Salager • HLD-NAC theory was first developed by Prof Sabatini’s group in Oklahoma • It has been developed further by Prof Acosta at U. Toronto • The software package has been developed with the kind help of Prof Acosta