Imperialism

1. Imperialism

2. Imperialism • Definition: • The control of one country by another “empire” • Imperialism was encouraged by a number of motives. What were they? • Wealth from resources and new populations • Desire to convert original peoples to Christianity • Fame and power of having a large empire

3. What happens when two cultures meet? • Acculturation • The process of change that occurs when two cultures come into contact • There are 4 types of ACCULTURATION

4. 1. Accommodation: both cultures continue as distinct, but share certain aspects Example: 2. Assimilation: The weaker culture is merged into the dominant culture; assumption that the weaker culture is inferior Example: 3. Segregation: Cultures are kept separate.; sometimes by choice, sometimes forced. Segregation is often due to fear of contamination. Example: 4. Annihilation: Dominant culture destroys the weaker culture Example:

5. Historical Imperialism • Def. – to create or maintain unequal economic, cultural or territorial relationships between states, colonies or empires. (domination over other nations) • Was coined in the 16th Century, but began around 1870 and lasted until 1914. Modern, relatively developed nations were taking over less developed areas, colonizing and expanding them in order to become more powerful themselves.

6. Who? • Powerful governments: • United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States • How? • weaker countries easily controlled • conquered territories didn’t have unified governments • More information throughout

7. Pause and Reflect • Canada was once part of Britain’s empire. How could the concept of “Imperialism” be seen in the development of Canada? • Who controlled the empire? • What did they want? • How did they influence us? • When did this happen? • What kind of acculturation occurred? • What issues resulted? DO YOU THINK CANADA EXPERIENCED IMPERIALISM?

8. Colonialism vs. Imperialism • Not the same! • Colonialism was the development of territories for settlement or commercial intentions. • Imperialism was for financial intentions and operated from the middle of the political and ideological intentions.

9. Examples “The Great Game” in Persian lands, “Scramble For Africa” and the “Open Door Policy” in China. While viewing: 1- find who was in power 2- what they wanted 3- reactions of the weaker country and others

10. Task A • In groups of 3-4 discuss and list possible benefits of Imperialism for the dominant country. Record as many benefits you can think of in the following categories: • Economics • Country pride • Religious goals

11. Task B In the same group you were in before, discuss what you think would give dominant countries an advantage over other dominant countries. List these advantages/strengths.

12. *Economic Motives • The most important cause of the Age of Imperialism was the search for profit. • Western powers wanted three things: • New markets. • Raw materials. • Places to invest. • By the late 1800’s, Europeans produced more manufactured goods than the western world could use.

13. *Economic Motives (Cont.) • Western powers looked to Asia, Africa and Latin America to sell their products. • However, because these countries were politically unstable, they wanted their governments to take over and run these areas where their money was invested.

14. *Nationalism • there was intense patriotic spirit in Europe in the late 1800’s. • Military rivalries between the nations of Europe also fueled the scramble for empires. • Sometimes countries would send troops or settlers into an area simply to prevent others from claiming it.

15. *Religion Missionaries wanted their governments’ help in spreading Christianity. • Reformers wanted to stop the slave trade. • Westerners felt their beliefs and institutions were superior to all others.

16. *Empire Building • Great Britain was the most successful; France was second. • Had colonies in India and Africa. • Controlled territory in North America, the Pacific Region and Ireland. • John Green Crash course

17. The British Royal Navy and Imperialism • The Royal Navy did not exist until the mid 1600s • After some early defeats it went on to be the strongest navy in the world from 1700-1940 • From 1805-1914, Britain’s great imperial age, it was said that “Britannia ruled the waves” • Because of the Royal Navy, Britain was able to increase its overseas empire. They could quickly dispatch troops and supplies

18. During the 1800’s the Royal Navy had several functions. What were they? • Map the world • Scientific expeditions • Protect trade routes • Protect British colonies or areas where British interests were in danger

19. British Control of India • The British East India company was established in 1700 by Elizabeth I • By the 1800s it had a virtual monopoly over trade in India • The merchants of the BEIC had originally come to India to expand British trade, but in order to protect this trade, it became very political

20. Cont’d • In the early 1800s, India was a small collection of states that often fought with each other • This fighting enabled the BEIC to gain more influence • By 1815, the company controlled India

21. Task • Complete the reading and questions regarding British control in India (to complete for homework)

22. India: How to get there? • http://www.afranko.com/2013/11/global-map-with-countries/ • What event was mentioned yesterday during the John Green video that Britain could take advantage of in order to get a more direct route to India?

23. *Suez Canal-British Imperialism in Egypt • It is a 190 km long canal • Took 10 years to build (with forced labor)=est. 125 000 died) • Opened in 1869 • Before the canal good were sometimes taken off ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea

24. *Suez cont’d • Britain and France wanted to “help” politically with Egypt’s financial difficulties to get political control of Egypt and the canal • Britain desperately wanted the canal because it would secure their link to its most important colony of the time; India • Britain ended up controlling Egypt and the canal…when it bought the shares to get Egypt out of debt • How would other countries respond to this? What do you think happened as a result?

25. Africa Scramble for Africa-The “Ground Rules” • Berlin Conference (1885)-European powers met to decide how to carve up Africa • New rule-had to announce the claim then actually occupy the land • Significance of this conference/rule=it created a sense of urgency and green light to conquer

26. Scramble for Africa • Review- analogy • Quick video

27. *What happened as a result of Imperialism • By the end of the 19th Century, European powers and the USA exerted political, military and economic authority throughout the world • Attaining colonies, the formation of economic and political influences, and a global military presence, impacted the Indigenous people of Africa, Asia and the Americas • Concern for the rights and interests of the Indigenous people were not seen as important

28. For Europe, colonies were seen as important keys to: • National security • Military power • National prestige • The final result = total mistrust around the world (especially in the industrialized nations)

29. The Growth of American Power • United States won independence from Britain in 1783. • Began to expand its territory. In 1783, its western boundary was set at the Mississippi River. • In 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the U.S., doubling its size by moving the western border to the Rocky Mountains. (called the Louisiana Purchase)

30. Manifest Destiny • The idea that the United States was meant to rule North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. • The Democrats/Republicans wanted to expand the continent and go to war with Mexico in the early 1840’s. • The Whigs wanted to deepen the economy instead. • Of course, the idea of North America as being the United States, did not occur.

31. Africa Before Partition • Dramatic changes took place in Africa from the late 1700’s to the early 1900’s. • New empires and states developed, while many older states expanded. • The Atlantic Slave Trade ended, but other trades grew. • Missionaries and explorers, as well as traders, came to the continent. • The first European colonies were also set up.

32. Sokoto Empire • In the late 1700’s, this empire was the largest of the Muslim states. • Was located in what is now northern Nigeria. • Leader was UsumandanFodio, a muslim preacher and leader of the Fulani people. • Called for Jihad in 1804, in order to purify Islam among the Hausa and Fulani people. • Within five years, he toppled the old ruling families and combined the small kingdoms into the largest empire in West Africa. • Was an important center for learning and depended on trade across the Sahara Desert.

33. Zulu Kingdom • In the early 1800’s, this powerful kingdom was started in southern Africa, by Shaka. • Won battle after battle using new kinds of spears and were a well-trained army. • By 1819, Shaka ruled much of southeastern Africa. • All young men and women joined the military. • Shaka wanted to create a new nation, but was killed in 1828.

34. Egypt • Was under Ottoman rule in the early 1800’s. • Under Mohammed Ali, who ruled from 1805-1849, Egypt gained independence. • The army, education and the economy were all reformed. • Improved irrigation improved cotton, sugar and grain output. • New buildings were built.

35. Egypt (Cont.) • Extended its control southward into the eastern Sudan, which became an Egyptian colony. • Ismail (Ali’s grandson) had the Suez Canal built, connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas.

36. Slave Trade • During the 1800’s, the African Slave Trade declined, as more and more European countries banned it. • Replacing the lost trade, Africans offered new exports to meet the growing needs of industrial Europe. • Palm Oil – Britain imported it after 1800 to make candles, soap and lubricating oil. • Ivory – Britain and the U.S. used it for piano keys, billiard balls and furniture. (in great demand) -Europeans hunted elephants for their tusks as well.

37. Foreign Presence in Africa • Traders, colonists, missionaries and explorers had a powerful effect on the continent. • This set the stage for a European takeover in the late 1800’s. • The slave traders were, in order by numbers or scale: Portuguese, British, French, Spanish, Dutch and Americans.

38. European Presence in Africa

39. Black Colonies in Africa • In 1787, the colony of Sierra Leone was started for blacks returning to Africa from North America. • Britain made it the base for its patrols against the slave trade in 1808. • European missionaries came to work with some 130 000 settlers over the next 60 years.

40. Liberia • Became Africa’s first republic in 1847. • Modeled their government after the U.S. • American-born settlers held political and economic power, even though they were outnumbered by native Africans. • Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two regions not affected by European settlement during the 1800’s.

41. Mission Stations • Def. - Self-sufficient religious communities headed by foreign missionaries. • Christian churches set these up during the 1800’s. • Offered Africans education, medical treatment and instruction in Christianity.

42. Livingstone and Stanley • David Livingstone (1813-1873) was a Scottish medical missionary, who discovered the giant waterfalls on the Zambezi River, which he named Victoria Falls after the British queen. • In 1871, Henry Stanley began looking for Livingstone, as he was out of touch with the world for five years. • Found him after eight months at a trading town on Lake Tanganyika, called Ujiji. “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” – is one of the most famous lines in the history of exploration.

43. Livingstone and Stanley (Cont.) • Livingstone hoped his work would expose the horrors of the slave trade and draw missionaries into new parts of Africa. • Other missionaries did follow and set up mission stations. • However, Stanley used guns to force his way to the Congo River to the Atlantic. • Began to work for King Leopold II of Belgium, who laid claim to the Congo Basin.

44. The Great Trek • Between 1835 and 1845, about 14 000 Dutch farmers, in ox-drawn covered wagons, crossed the Orange River. • They took with them everything they owned, including slaves and African servants. (came to be known as the ‘Great Trek’) • Trekkers began to take territory in Ndebele and Zulu.

45. The French in North Africa • Before the French invaded Algeria due to a dispute over money in 1830, the only other colonization before 1850, took place along the Barbary Coast. (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli) • Morocco was independent, the other three belonged to the Ottoman Empire.

46. The French in North Africa (Cont.) • After a long and brutal war, France gained control of Algeria in 1848. • Later, Tunisia and Morocco became French protectorates. • Nations that are formally independent, but whose policies are guided by an outside power.

47. The Berlin Conference • Until the early 1870’s, France and Britain had only taken a serious interest in Africa. • Belgium and Germany became more involved in 1884. • To avoid serious conflict, Germany set up The Berlin Conference in 1884 – 1885. • Twelve European nations, the Ottoman Empire and the U.S. took part, but nobody from Africa was represented.

48. The Berlin Conference (Cont.) • The delegates decided there should be free trade and travel on both the Congo and Niger Rivers. • Foreign powers had to establish control of any lands in Africa, before claiming them as colonies. • Imperialist nations would join forces if African people resisted. • As a result of the conference, it made it easier for European powers to take over Africa without fighting among themselves.

49. Imperialism in China • China considered all foreign countries inferior and expected them to pay tribute to the emperor by sending lavish gifts. • Only Japan refused. • European traders accepted China’s rules for two centuries. • Trade in Chinese tea and silk was too profitable!

50. China’s Internal Problems • In the early 1800’s, conflicts were not the only problems facing China and its Manchu rulers. • The Qing government had become corrupt and inefficient. • Public officials grew wealthy from bribes and high taxes. • They neglected duties such as flood control. • A disastrous flood of the Yellow River followed. It destroyed crops and famine struck. Food supply was already strained due to population growth. • Starving peasants left their lands in hopes of finding food and were forced to sell land at prices far below its value.